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Biology (Mona) > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 pathogen that animals must protect themselves against

A

viruses, bacteria and fungi

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2
Q

function of the defence system

A

defend against pathogens

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3
Q

3 things which the general defence system consists of

A

skin
mucous membranes
phagocytes (white blood cells)

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4
Q

function of skin and mucous membranes

A

prevent the entry of microbes

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5
Q

function of phagocytes

A

attack microbes that get into the body

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6
Q

skins physical barrier and function

A

epidermal cells, prevent the entry of bacteria and fungi

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7
Q

skin secretions and functions

A

sweat, sebum

are acidic and inhibit growth of microorganisms

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8
Q

what’s in tears and function

A

lysozome (enzyme) in tears attacks cell wall in bacteria

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9
Q

where are mucous membranes found?

A

in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems

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10
Q

cilia

A

move the mucous up and out to prevent pathogens from entering the lungs

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11
Q

function of respiratory mucous

A

thick fluid that traps pathogens

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12
Q

function of digestive mucous

A

traps microbes

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13
Q

saliva

A

contains lysozome, an enzyme that kills bacteria

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14
Q

HCl in stomach

A

kills most microbes in food

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15
Q

function of reproductive system mucous

A

produces mucous in the vagina to trap microbes

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16
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

function of phagocytes

A

the blood cells surround and engulf invading particles and destroy them

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18
Q

the blood cells surround and engulf invading particles and destroy them, what is this called

A

phagocytosis (like in amoeba)

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19
Q

monocytes

A

leave the blood and wander around in the body fluids searching for pathogens

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20
Q

what do white blood cells release? what is the result?

A

chemicals called pyrogens that cause a high temperature to develo throughout the body, fever

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21
Q

what can a fever help to do?

A

inhibit microbes

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22
Q

2 ways we keep microbes out of the body

A

skin and its secretions

mucous membrane lnings and their secretions

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23
Q

what do we do to attack microbes that get into the body

A

phagocytic white blood cells

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24
Q

specific defence system

A

immune system

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25
Q

what is the immune system capable of doing?

A

recognising and protecting against particular pathogens

26
Q

3 main organs of the specific defence system

A

spleen
thymus gland
lymph nodes

27
Q

immunity

A

ability to resist disease

28
Q

what does the specific immune response depend on?

A

the production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to antigens

29
Q

antigen

A

a foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies against it

30
Q

antibodies

A

defence proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen

31
Q

are antibodies specific

A

yes, each antibody is specific to a particular antigen

32
Q

PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES

first step

A

lymphocytes recognise a particular antigen and produce a specific antibody against it

33
Q

PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES

step 2

A

antibodies bind with antigens

34
Q

PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES

step 3

A

cell with the antigen is then destroyed

35
Q

PRODUCTION AND ACTION OF ANTIBODIES

final step

A

antibodies may clump bacteria together and engulfed by phagocytes or antibodies and cause the cell to burst (lysis)

36
Q

induced immunity

A

the ability to produce antibodies against specific antigens

37
Q

2 types of induced immunity

A

active or passive

38
Q

active induced immunity

A

the person produces antibodies and memory cells in response to an infection of invading antigen

39
Q

what gives long lasting protection

A

active induced immunity

40
Q

2 kinds of active induced immunity

A

natural and artificial

41
Q

natural active induced immunity

A

antibodies and memory cells are produced in response to getting and infection eg. flu

42
Q

artificial active induced immunity

A

antibodies and memory cells are produced in response to a vaccine

43
Q

vaccine

A

a non-harmful dose of a pathogen introduced into the body and it stimulates the production of antibodies and memory cells (future resistance)

44
Q

passive induced immunity

A

antibodies produced in another organism are given to the person

45
Q

natural passive induced immunity

A

antibodies can pass from mother to child through placenta and in breast milk

46
Q

artificial passive induced immunity

A

antibodies produced in another organism are given to the person, immediate immunity

47
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells responsible for immunity

48
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

49
Q

B cells

A

mature in the bone marrow

50
Q

T cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus gland

51
Q

where are mature B and T cells usually locates?

A

lymph nodes, spleen and blood

52
Q

function of B cells

A

recognise a particular antigen and produce antibodies against it

53
Q

what do activated B cells produce

A

memory cells that live for a long time

54
Q

Memory B cells

A

remember the antigen so that if they are exposed to the same antigen again they react quickly giving immediate protection ( and can give long term protection eg.measles)

55
Q

do T cells produce antibodies?

A

no

56
Q

4 types of T cells

A

helper, killer, suppressor and memory

57
Q

3 functions of helper T cells

A

recognise antigens and secrete interferon
they stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
they activate killer T cells

58
Q

Killer T cells

A

recognise infected cells and secrete a perforin, perforin causes membranes of infected cells to burst

59
Q

suppressor T cells

A

stop the immune response when an antigen is no longer present, they inhibit the production off B and T cells

60
Q

memory T cells

A

when exposed to the same antigen that caused their formation they divide rapidly to make new T cells and give immediate protection

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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