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Biology (Mona) > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the nervous system and the endocrine system (ductless glands)

A

The coordination of activities in the body in response to changes in the environment

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2
Q

quickest means of communication within the body

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

2 parts of the human nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves not in the central nervous system

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6
Q

function of PNS

A

these neurons carry impulses to and from the CNS

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7
Q

Recetors

A

sensory cells or sense organs that receive and respons to different stimuli

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8
Q

some stimuli

A 
chemical (smell and taste)
thermal
electrical 
mechanical (touch, sound, stretching)
osmotic
light
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9
Q

2 places where receptors can be found

A

on the surface pf the body eg for touch

deep inside the body eg osmotic receptors for brain

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10
Q

effectors

A

tissues or organs that respond to a stimulus and carry out some action eg. muscles or glands

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11
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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12
Q

what are neurons capable of?

A

carrying electrical impulses

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13
Q

electrical impulses

A

provide a means of communication between receptors and effectors

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14
Q

what link the receptors to the effectors

A

neurons

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15
Q

3 types of motor neurons found in vertebrates

A

motor, sensory and interneurons

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16
Q

motor neurons

A

carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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17
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry impulses to the CNS from the receptors

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

carry impulses within the CNS, connect sensory and motor neurons

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19
Q

what does the cell body contain

A

nucleus, cytoplasm and other organelles

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20
Q

2 functions of the cell body

A

produces neurotransmitter chemicals

controls the passage of impulses

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21
Q

dendrites

A

short, branching fibres that pick up and carry impulses to the cell body

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22
Q

Axon

A

a long fibre that carries impulses away from the cell body along the neuron or carries impulses to the effector

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23
Q

function of schwann cells

A

produce the myelin sheath

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24
Q

myelin sheath

A

white fatty layer around the axon

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25
Q

2 functions of the myeline sheath

A

protect the axon

speed up the transmission of the impulse along the axon

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26
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon is uncovered

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27
Q

function of the nodes of ranvier

A

speed up the transfer of impulses along the neuron

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28
Q

neurotransmitter swellings

A

swellings found at the end of the axon

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29
Q

function of neurotransmitter swellings

A

have vesicles that store neurotransmitter chemicals (released to carry an impulse from one neuron to another)

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30
Q

carriage of impulses in motor neurons

A

from the CNS to the effector organ

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31
Q

carriage of impulses in sensory neurons

A

to the CNS from the receptors

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32
Q

cell body in motor neurons

A

at one end of the axon

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33
Q

cell body in sensory neurons

A

somewhere along the neuron

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34
Q

vague location of cell body in motor neurons

A

inside the CNS

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35
Q

vague location of cell body in sensory neurons

A

outside the CNS in a ganglion

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36
Q

most cranial and spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves, contain both sensory and motor neurons

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37
Q

size of neurons

A

neurons in the brain are very small

those in the PNS connecting the spine to the foot may be over 1m long

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38
Q

when does a nerve transmit an impulse?

A

when it is stimulated strongly enough

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39
Q

what is an impulse?

A

an electrical current that travels along the neuron from the dendrites to the neurotransmitter swellings

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40
Q

what does the transmission of electrical impulses involve

A

the movement of ions across the membrane of the neuron

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41
Q

do impulses require energy

A

yes

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42
Q

where to the impulses get their energy

A

ATP

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43
Q

3 main ions

A

sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-)

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44
Q

threshold intensity

A

minimum strength of stimulus needed for a nerve impulse to be transmitted

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45
Q

what type of response is a stimulus

A

an all-or-nothing response

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46
Q

below threshold

A

no impulse at all

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47
Q

speed and strength of different impulses

A

all the same speed and strength

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48
Q

can a nerve impulse be stopped?

A

no

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49
Q

what speeds up the rate of impulse transmission

A

the myelin sheath

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50
Q

refractory period

A

short delay of a few milliseconds between the transmission of impulses

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51
Q

can impulses travel in different directions?

A

no, one direction only

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52
Q

do neurons have protoplasmic connections between them?

A

no

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53
Q

what do neurons have in place of protoplasmic connections

A

a region called the synapse where neurons come into contact

54
Q

synaptic cleft

A

each synapse’s tiny gap

55
Q

what carries the impulses across the cleft?

A

neurotransmitters

56
Q

3 examples of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine

57
Q

where are neurotransmitters released from?

A

the neurotransmitter swellings

58
Q

what occurs when an impulse arrives at the synapse

A

vesicles un the neuorotransmitter swellings release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

59
Q

what happens when the neurotransmitter has been released?

A

it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and generates an impulse in the next neuron

60
Q

as soon as the neurotransmitter has worked?

A

it is broken down by an enzyme

61
Q

at the end what happens to the neurotransmitters?

A

some are transported back into the neurotransmitter swellings and are reused

62
Q

2 functions of the synapse

A

controls only one direction of the impulse, can travel in one direction only along a given pathway
Impulse can be blocked or enhanced here by certain chemicals (pain and psych meds)

63
Q

what does the CNS do?

A

forms a bridge between sensory and motor functions of the peripheral nervous systems

64
Q

top of brain

A

meninges

65
Q

under meninges

A

cerebrum

66
Q

bottom back of brain

A

cerebellum

67
Q

bottom front tiny part of brain

A

pituitary gland

68
Q

above pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

under cerebellum

A

medulla oblongata

70
Q

is the CNS full?

A

no its hollow

71
Q

what are the cavities of the brain and spinal cord filled with

A

cerebro-spinal fluid

72
Q

cerebro-spinal fluid

A

fluid that is filtered from the blood

73
Q

function of cerebro-spinal fluid 2

A

brings food, O2, etc. to nerve tissue
removes waste from the nerve tissue
protects the CNS as a shock absorber

74
Q

what covers the CNS

A

3 protective membranes called the meninges

75
Q

where is cerebro-spinal fluid found

A

between the 2 inner membranes

76
Q

what encloses the CNS

A

the axial skeleton

77
Q

what protects the brain?

A

the cranium

78
Q

what protects the spinal cord?

A

the vertebral column

79
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

80
Q

main part of the forebrain

A

cerebrum

81
Q

largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

82
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into

A

left and right cerebral hemispheres

83
Q

outer grey part of cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

84
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made up of?

A

cell bodies and dendrites

85
Q

most complex part of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

86
Q

inner white part of the cerebrum

A

medulla

87
Q

what is the medulla composed of?

A

axons with myelin sheaths

88
Q

functions of cerebrum

A

voluntary movements, personality, memory, learning, hearing, vision, speech and language, intelligence

89
Q

part of the forebrain below the cerebrum

A

hypothalamus

90
Q

where is the main site of homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

91
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

hunger, thirst, osmoregulation, regulation of body temperature

92
Q

what is connected to the hypothalamus

A

the pituitary gland

93
Q

is the pituitary gland part of the brain

A

no

94
Q

what is the pituitary gland part of

A

the endocrine system

95
Q

what part of the brain is the cerebellum part of `

A

hind brain

96
Q

second largest part of the brain

A

the cerebellum

97
Q

2 functions of the cerebellum

A

muscular co-ordination (movement, balance)

hand-eye co-ordination

98
Q

what part of the brain is the medulla oblongata?

A

hindbrain

99
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

100
Q

functions of medulla oblongata

A

involuntary muscles (eg.intercostals), breathing swallowing salivation vomiting blood pressure

101
Q

from where does the brain recieve impulses

A

from sensory organs of the body

102
Q

what does the brain do as a result of sensory impulses

A

sends out impulses to the effectors and causes them to react

103
Q

in its association centres and motor areas, what does the brain do?

A

it coordinates the various stimuli from several receptors before sending out impulses to the appropriate affectors

104
Q

what stores information and why?

A

the forebrain, so that behaviour can be modified as a result of past experience (memory and learning)

105
Q

to what is the spinal chord attached?

A

the medulla oblongata

106
Q

2 components of the spinal chord

A

central core of grey matter

outer layer of white matter

107
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies and dendrites

108
Q

white matter

A

axons with myeline sheaths

109
Q

outside of spinal chord

A

membrane called the meninges

110
Q

what pass between the vertebraun

A

pairs of spinal nerves

111
Q

what attaches the nerve to the spinal cord

A

2 roots; the dorsal and the ventral

112
Q

what are spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves

113
Q

sensory neurons in spinal cord

A

enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root

114
Q

motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

leave via the ventral root

115
Q

2 functions of the spinal cord

A

spinal reflexes eg.stretches

transmits impulses to and from the brain

116
Q

Reflex action

A

an automatic response to a stimulus that is not under conscious control

117
Q

2 reflex actions

A

knee jerk

blinking

118
Q

advantage of refelx actions

A

fast responses that protect the body from damage

119
Q

structural basis of reflex action

A

the reflex arc

120
Q

Mechanism of spinal reflex action:

first step

A

receptor cell is stimulated

121
Q

Mechanism of spinal reflex action:

once receptor cell is stimulated

A

impulse moves along sensory neuron into spinal cord

122
Q

Mechanism of spinal reflex action:

once the impulse has gotten to the spinal cord

A

impulse is passed to an interneuron in the spianl cord

123
Q

Mechanism of spinal reflex action:

once impulse reaches interneuron

A

impulse moves along interneuron to a motor neuron

124
Q

Mechanism of spinal reflex action:

once impulse has gotten to motor neuron

A

impulse moves out of the spinal cord along a motor neuron to the effector

125
Q

Mechanism of spinal reflex action:

when impulse gets to effector

A

effector is stimulated and reacts

126
Q

simple reflex actions

A

automatic and involuntary and do not involve the brain

127
Q

2 simple reflex actions

A

withdrawal of hand after pricked with a pin

iris-pupil reflex

128
Q

1 disorder of the nervous system

A

parkinson’s disease

129
Q

cause of parkinson’s disease

A

not enough dopamine produced due to degeneration of part of the brain

130
Q

symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

hand tremor

rigid and stoops and walks with small shuffling steps

131
Q

3 corrective measurements of parkinson’s disease

A

drug treatment
exercise
stem cells

132
Q

exercise for parkinson’s disease

A

most important therapy used to strengthen all of the muscles

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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