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Biology (Mona) > The circulatory system > Flashcards

The circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the human transport system?

A

the circulatory system

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2
Q

what is the circulatory system made up of?

A

the blood system and the lymphatic system

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3
Q

what is the blood system made up of?

A

blood tissue
blood vessels
heart

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4
Q

what does blood consist of?

A

cells in a watery medium called plasma

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5
Q

plasma

A

liquid watery part of the blood

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6
Q

function of the plasma

A

transport of blood cells and dissolved substances

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7
Q

composition of plasma

A

90% water

10% dissolved substances

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8
Q

6 dissolved substances in plasma

A 
proteins 
minerals
food 
excretory products 
hormones
enzymes
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9
Q

example of proteins in blood

A

antibodies

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10
Q

4 minerals in plasma

A

Na+ Cl-
Ca++
Iron

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11
Q

4 food in plasma

A

glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
vitamins

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12
Q

3 excretory products in the blood

A

urea
lactic acid
CO2

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13
Q

where does urea enter the blood

A

the liver

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14
Q

where does lactic acid enter the

A

muscles

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15
Q

where does CO2 enter the blood

A

all cells

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16
Q

where do hormones enter the blood

A

the endocrine glands

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17
Q

3 types of blood cells

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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18
Q

red blood cells AKA

A

erythrocytes

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19
Q

white blood cells aka

A

leukocytes

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20
Q

platelets aka

A

thrombocytes

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21
Q

shape of red blood cells

A

biconcave circular disks

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22
Q

what do red blood cells not have

A

no nucleus, no mitochondria

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23
Q

how do red blood cells fit into capillaries

A

they are flexible cells

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24
Q

what do red blood cells have that allows them to carry out their function

A

haemoglobin

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25
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

an O2 carrying red pigment that has iron

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26
Q

where are red blood cells produced?

A

in the bone marrow of the ribs and pelvis

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27
Q

where are old red blood cells broken down?

A

in the liver and in the spleen

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28
Q

lifespan of red blood cells

A

around three months

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29
Q

function of red blood cells

A

to transport oxygen

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30
Q

haemoglobin + oxygen ->

A

oxyhemoglobin

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31
Q

colour of haemoglobin

A

blue

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32
Q

colour of oxyhemoglobin

A

red

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33
Q

anaemia

A

lack of haemoglobin (low red cell count) may be due to a lack of iron in the diet

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34
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A

pale skin colour

lack of energy

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35
Q

size and count of white blood cells

A

larger than red blood cells but fewer of them

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36
Q

describe the organelles of white blood cells

A

have a nucleus and a cytoplasm

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37
Q

shape of white blood cells

A

no definite shape

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38
Q

where are white blood cells made

A

down marrow of ribs, pelvis etc.

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39
Q

function of white blood cells

A

protect against disease

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40
Q

2 types of white blood cells that we learn about

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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41
Q

what type of cells are monocytes

A

phagocytes

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42
Q

what makes monocytes phagocytes

A

their function is to engulf bacteria and viruses

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43
Q

size of monocytes

A

large white blood cells

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44
Q

size of lymphocytes

A

small white blood cells

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45
Q

where are lymphocytes also produced?

A

in the lymph nodes

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46
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

to produce antibodies

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47
Q

leukaemia

A

a form of cancer where there is an increase in the number of immature white cells

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48
Q

what do leukaemia lead to?

A

the inability to fight infection and anaemia

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49
Q

shape of platelets

A

fragments of large cells

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50
Q

where are platelets made?

A

in the bone marrow

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51
Q

shape and organelles of platelets

A

no nucleus, no definite shape

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52
Q

function of platelets

A

blood-clotting

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53
Q

function of blood clotting

A

prevents the loss of blood and the entry of microorganisms

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54
Q

thrombosis

A

a blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel and may block it

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55
Q

haemophilia

A

blood clots cannot form (due to lack of clotting factors)

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56
Q

2 functions of blood

A

transport

defence against disease

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57
Q

7 things that the blood transports

A 
food
excretory products
enzymes
hormones
heat
O2
CO2
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58
Q

2 ways in which white blood cells protect against disease

A

they engulf foreign bodies

they produce antibodies

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59
Q

1 way in which platelets defend against disease

A

they cause the clotting of blood, preventing the entry of microorganisms

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60
Q

what are the blood groups based on

A

the antigens based in the blood

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61
Q

4 main blood groups

A

A B AB O

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62
Q

antigens in A

A

A

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63
Q

antigens in B

A

B

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64
Q

antigens in AB

A

A and B

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65
Q

antigens in O

A

A and B absent

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66
Q

when is it important to know a persons blood group?

A

if they are in need of a blood transfusion

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67
Q

what happens in the donor and the receiver of blood are different?

A

agglutination or clumping of cells occurs

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68
Q

universal donor

A

blood group O (negative)

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69
Q

Rh

A

rhesus factor

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70
Q

Rh positive

A

has Rh antigen

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71
Q

Rh negative

A

does not have Rh antigen

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72
Q

A+

A

A and Rh

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73
Q

O-

A

A B and Rh all absent

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74
Q

vascular system

A

blood system

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75
Q

system

A

a group of organ joined together for particular functions

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76
Q

what organisms do not require a vascular system?

A

single-celled organisms

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77
Q

why is it ok for amoeba not to have a transport system?

A

because they are very small

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78
Q

why is it good for multicellular organisms to have a transport system

A

they are larger and have greater metabolic needs

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79
Q

type of circulatory system that we have

A

a closed system

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80
Q

what does it mean that we have a closed circulatory system

A

blood circulates inside vessels

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81
Q

where are materials exchanged between the blood and the cells?

A

in tiny thin-walled vessels called capillaries

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82
Q

advantage of a closed system and capillaries

A

much more efficient

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83
Q

In the circulatory system: what does the heart do?

A

pumps blood into the arteries that carry it to the arterioles and from these it goes into the capillaries

84
Q

In the circulatory system: what do the capillaries do?

A

in the capillaries in all the organs, exchange of materials takes place between blood and cells

85
Q

In the circulatory system: what do the venules do?

A

blood is collected by the capillaries by a series of venues that carry it to veins

86
Q

In the circulatory system: what do the veins do?

A

the veins return the blood to the heart

87
Q

summary of the circulatory system

A

heart arteries arterioles
capillaries
venules veins heart

88
Q

how thick is a capillary

A

1 cell thick

89
Q

how many layers in the walls of major blood vessels?

A

3

90
Q

3 layers of the walls of major blood vessels

A

tough outer layer of collagen (protein)
middle layer of muscle and elastic fibres
a thin lining called the endothelium

91
Q

function of arteries

A

to carry blood away from the heart under high pressure

92
Q

2 things that help the blood flow in arteries

A

thick muscle layer contracts and pushes it on

elastic fibres can expand and recoil it push it on

93
Q

function of collagen layer in artery

A

prevents over expansion of the arteries

94
Q

pulse definition

A

expansion or vibration in an artery caused by the pumping of the heart

95
Q

average pulse rate of a human adult

A

about 70 bpm

96
Q

where can you feel the pulse

A

at certain places like the wrist

97
Q

why can you feel the pulse at certain places like the wrist ?

A

because this is where you would find an artery near the surface

98
Q

function of the veins

A

carry blood back to the heart under low pressure

99
Q

2 things that help blood flow in veins

A

valves prevent back flow of blood

contraction of skeletal muscles of the body squeeze the veins and push the blood on towards the heart

100
Q

which cut can you see the valves of the vein

A

in the longitudinal section

101
Q

arteriole

A

small blood vessel branching from an artery

102
Q

venue

A

small blood vessel branching from a vein

103
Q

3 structural differences between arteries and veins

A

artery:
wall has thick layer of muscle
small lumen
no valves

104
Q

3 other differences between artery and vein

A

artery:
carries blood under high pressure
carries blood away from the heart
carries oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery

105
Q

what are capillaries

A

tiny tubes that link arterioles to venues

106
Q

what occurs in the capillaries

A

the exchange of materials (food, H2O, gases, waste products etc.) takes place between the blood and the cells

107
Q

2 structural adaptations for exchange in capillaries

A

thin walls to allow materials to pass in and out with ease

large surface area-all body cells are close to a capillary

108
Q

where is the heart found?

A

in the thoracic cavity

109
Q

what protects the heart

A

the ribcage

110
Q

4 major components of the heart

A

the septum the atria the ventricles and the valves

111
Q

septum

A

divides the heart into right and left sides. separates the oxygenated and the deoxygenated blood

112
Q

atria

A

relatively thin chambers

receive blood from the veins and pass it into the ventricles

113
Q

ventricles

A

thick walled chambers that pump blood out of the heart

114
Q

valves in the heart

A

prevent the back flow of blood when it is under pressure (blood can flow in one direction only)

115
Q

3 valves in the heart

A

bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
semi-lunar valves

116
Q

where could you find the bicuspid valve?

A

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

117
Q

where could you find the tricuspid valve?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

118
Q

what holds the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to the heart

A

the chordae tendinae

119
Q

where could you find the semi-lunar valves?

A

at the base of the pulmonary artery and the base of aorta

120
Q

blood flow on the right side of the heart

A 
vena cava (CO2)
right atrium
right ventricle 
pulmonary artery 
lungs
121
Q

blood flow on the left side of the heart

A 
pulmonary vein (O2)
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
general body
122
Q

What is different about the heart muscle to other muscles of the body?

A

it never tires

123
Q

what type of pump is the heart?

A

a double pump

124
Q

Left

A

oxygenated

125
Q

Right

A

deoxygenated

126
Q

how many circuits is there from the heart

A

2

127
Q

2 circuits from the heart

A

the pulmonary and systemic circuit

128
Q

function of pulmonary circuit

A

pumps blood to lungs to receive O2

129
Q

pulmonary circuit route

A

Heart Lungs Heart

130
Q

function of systemic circuit

A

pumps blood with O2 around the body

131
Q

systemic circuit route

A

Heart Rest of body Heart

132
Q

2 advantages of double circulation

A

oxygenated blood separated from deoxygenated blood

ensures that blood is pumped under sufficient pressure to deliver oxygen al around the body

133
Q

Portal blood system

A

a vessel that has capillaries at both ends. The blood flows directly from one organ to another without passing through the heart

134
Q

example of a Portal blood system

A

the hepatic portal vein brings blood (rich in digested food but low in O2) from the digestions to the liver

135
Q

the cardiac cycle

A

the sequence of events that takes place during the completion of one heartbeat

136
Q

contraction

A

systole

137
Q

relaxation

A

diastole

138
Q

what does the cardiac cycle involve?

A

the rhythmical contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles and the opening and closing and closing of the heart valves so that blood can flow through the heart

139
Q

1 first thing that happens during diastole

A

blood flows into both atria from the veins

140
Q

2 what happens after the blood flows into both atria

A

the bicuspid and tricuspid valves open so that the blood can flow into the relaxed ventricles

141
Q

3 what occurs when the heart is full of blood

A

the atria contract together forcing more blood into the ventricles and then they relax (atrial systole 0.1 seconds)

142
Q

4 a very short time after the atria contract

A

the ventricles contract (systole), forcing blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta

143
Q

5 what happens when the ventricles contract

A

the semi-lunar valves open and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close (ventricle systole 0.3 seconds)

144
Q

6 after the semi-lunar valves open and the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close

A

the ventricles relax (diastole)

semi-lunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

145
Q

7 after the whole process is over

A

the atria fill up with blood again from the veins

146
Q

the pacemaker

A

SA node

147
Q

SA

A

sino atrial

148
Q

where can you find the SA node

A

in the wall of the right atrium

149
Q

function of SA node

A

sends out electrical impulses that cause the atria to contract

150
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node

151
Q

where can you find the AV node?

A

in the septum between the right atrium and right ventricle

152
Q

function of the AV node

A

send electrical impulses down the septum to cause the ventricles to contract

153
Q

what sets off the AV node

A

the electrical impulses of the SA node

154
Q

4 factors affecting the rate of the heart beat

A 
exercise
excitement 
fear 
body temperature
drugs 
sleep 
infection
155
Q

blood supply to the heart muscle

A

coronary circulation

156
Q

from where does the muscle of the heart receive blood?

A

from the coronary arteries that arise at the base of the aorta

157
Q

where does the blood go after it has gone through the heart muscle

A

into the coronary veins that return blood to the right atrium

158
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery

159
Q

area of highest blood pressure

A

the aorta after the left ventricle contracts

160
Q

area of lowest blood pressure

A

the vena cava leading into the right atrium

161
Q

where is human blood pressure usually taken

A

in an artery in the upper part of the arm

162
Q

what are they recording with the blood pressure machine

A

the amount of pressure required to stop the blood flow through this artery

163
Q

higher figure in blood pressure

A

systolic pressure, when the ventricles contract

164
Q

lower figure in blood pressure

A

diastolic pressure, when the ventricles are relaxing

165
Q

normal blood pressure reading

A

120/80

166
Q

2 effects of smoking on the circulatory system

A

increases heart rate and blood pressure, greater risk of heart attack and stroke
damages endothelium, risk of a blood clot, risk of heart attack or stroke

167
Q

high amount of cholesterol in the diet

A

formation of blockages in the arteries, greater risk of heart attack or stroke

168
Q

high salt intake in diet

A

high blood pressure

increased risk for heart attack and stroke

169
Q

obesity

A

can cause high blood pressure and heart attacks

170
Q

lack of iron

A

anaemia (low red cell count)

171
Q

regular and aerobic exercise 2

A

the heart becomes stronger and more efficient

the arteries dilate (widen)

172
Q

recovery time

A

the length of time taken for the pulse rate to return to normal after a period of exercise

173
Q

how is tissue fluid formed?

A

when blood reaches the arterial end of a capillary it is under high pressure and some plasma leaks out the walls of the capillaries, this is tissue fluid

174
Q

what happens between cells and tissue fluid

A

exchanges occur eg. food O2 urea

175
Q

most of the tissue fluid goes

A

back to the capillaries near the venules

176
Q

some of the tissue fluid goes

A

into the lymph vessels that lie between the cells

177
Q

the tissue fluid that enters the lymph vessels is called

A

lymph

178
Q

describe lymph

A

colourless watery fluid

179
Q

2 components of lymph

A

plamsa and white cells (lymphocytes

180
Q

3 things that blood has that lymph doesn’t

A

red cells
white cells
clotting proteins

181
Q

3 things that make up the lymphatic system

A

lymph capillaries
lymph vessels
lymph nodes

182
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

swellings (glands) found along the vessels

183
Q

circulation of lymph

A

flows in lymph vessels in one direction only, from he tissues to the blood system

184
Q

flow of lymph is maintained by:

A

valves to prevent backflow

contraction of skeletal muscles sqeezes the ducts and forcing the lymph

185
Q

2 functions of the lymphatic system

A

transport

defence against disease

186
Q

2 things transported in the lymphatic system

A

plasma

digested lipids

187
Q

how is plasma collected by the lymph system

A

leaked under pressure through capillaries and the lymph returns this tissue fluid to the blood

188
Q

function of returning tissue fluid to blood

A

maintains the volume and concentration of the blood

189
Q

if lymph vessels are blocked

A

there is a fluid build up and swelling (oedema)

190
Q

where does the lymph absorb the digested lipids?

A

in the small intestine, in the lymph lacteals un the villi

191
Q

2 ways in which the lymph system can defend against disease

A

filters the plasma

produces lymphocytes

192
Q

what does the lymph remove from the plasma

A

bacteria, viruses, caner cells etc,

193
Q

what happens to the substances filtered out of the blood by the lymph

A

they are attacked by lymphocytes in the nodes

194
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

they respond to antigens and make specific antibodies

195
Q

what happens to lymph nodes when they are fighting an infection?

A

they become swollen

196
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

before you begin

A

put on rubber gloves, wash the heart with cold water and drain it and dry it with paper towels

197
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

how do you find the ventral (front) side

A

by feeling the walls of the ventricles, the left side will feel much firmer

198
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

how and where do you place to heart

A

on a dissecting board ventral side up

199
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

first cut

A

using a scalpel cut the wall of the left atrium and left ventricle

200
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

how to examine structure of left side

A

using your fingers push open the heart at the first cut

201
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

what can you examine after the first cut?

A

atrium, ventricle and bicuspid valve

202
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

second cut

A

same as the first on the right side this time

203
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

3rd cut

A

cut open the base of the aorta and find the semi-lunar valve

204
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

2 openings at the base of the aorta

A

lead into the coronary arteries

205
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

when you have completed the dissection

A

flag label the parts identified

206
Q

To dissect and display a sheep’s heart

final step

A

wash and sterilise instruments and board

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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