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Biology (Mona) > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

the way in which living things obtain and use their food

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

make their own food

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3
Q

what do autotrophs make their own food from?

A

simple molecules

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4
Q

1 example of an autotroph

A

green plants make food during photosynthesis

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5
Q

heterotrophs

A

cannot make their own food and must get it from their environment

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6
Q

3 types of heterotrophs

A

carnivores
herbivores
omnivores

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7
Q

herbivores

A

animals that only eat plants

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8
Q

2 examples of herbivores

A

cows

horses

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9
Q

carnivores

A

animals that eat other animals (flesh eaters

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10
Q

2 examples of carnivores

A

fox

cat

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11
Q

omnivores

A

animals that eat plants and animals

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12
Q

2 examples of omnivores

A

badger

bear

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13
Q

4 stages of human nutrition

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
egestion

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14
Q

other stage of human nutrition

A

assimilation

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15
Q

ingestion

A

taking in of food (into the mouth)

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16
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into small soluble molecules so that they can be absorbed and transported

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17
Q

absorption

A

soluble products of digestion pass through the cells in the gut lining into the blood and lymph systems

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18
Q

egestion

A

unabsorbed, undigested material eg.fibre is removed through the anus

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19
Q

assimilation

A

the absorbed food is used to make new molecules or for the release of energy

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20
Q

2 names for the human digestion system

A

alimentary canal

gut

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21
Q

2 types of digestion in the gut

A

chemical and mechanical

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22
Q

3 times mechanical digestion can be seen in the alimentary canal

A

teeth
gut muscles
bile salts

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23
Q

explain how the teeth preform mechanical digestion

A

teeth cut and chew food

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24
Q

explain how the gut muscles preform mechanical digestion

A

they contractions of the gut muscles churn and mix food with gut secretions

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25
Q

explain how the bile salts preform mechanical digestion

A

they emulsify lipids

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26
Q

what is the function of mechanical or physical digestion

A

food is made into smaller pieces for a larger surface area for the chemical digestion

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27
Q

explain chemical digestion

A

food is made into smaller pieces by enzymes

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28
Q

explain chemical digestion

A

cells in the lining of the gut and glands associated with the gut, secrete juices containing mucus and digestive enzymes onto food as it moves along

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29
Q

the buccal cavity

A

oral cavity//mouth//area under nose

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30
Q

pH of the buccal cavity

A

pH 7

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31
Q

what mainly occurs in the buccal cavity

A

food is mechanically broken down by the teeth

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32
Q

3/4 types of teeth

A

incisors
canines
pre-molars and molars

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33
Q

function of incisors

A

front teeth, flat sharp edges for cutting

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34
Q

function of canines

A

eye teeth. pointed crowns for tearing

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35
Q

function of pre-molars and molars

A

side and back teeth with projections or cusps for chewing and grinding

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36
Q

first set of teeth a human has

A

milk teeth

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37
Q

how many permanent teeth is normal for a human adult

A

32

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38
Q

how many incisors

A

8

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39
Q

how many canines

A

4

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40
Q

how many premolars

A

8

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41
Q

how many molars

A

12

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42
Q

what is the dental formula (just understand)

A

the number and position of each type of tooth in the upper and lower jaws in ONE side of the mouth

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43
Q

human dental formula

A

I22 C11 P22 M33

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44
Q

what is the correlation between dentition and diet

A

the number and type of teeth present differs from one mammal to another according to the diet of the mammal

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45
Q

teeth of carnivores

A

long, sharply-pointed canines for tearing flesh

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46
Q

teeth of herbivores

A

broad ridged premolars and molars for grinding tough plant material

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47
Q

teeth of omnivores

A

a full set of teeth without any one type being modified

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48
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth

A

food is mixed with saliva secreted by the salivary glanda

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49
Q

saliva consists of (3)

A

water
mucus
salivary amylase

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50
Q

function of water and mucus in saliva

A

to lubricate the food

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51
Q

function of salivary amylase in saliva

A

enzyme that breaks down starch to maltose

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52
Q

what happens to food before it is swallowed

A

the food is shaped into a ball or ‘bolus’ by the tongue

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53
Q

what does it mean to swallow

A

it is passed through the pharynx into the oesophagus

54
Q

what does the epiglottis do during swallowing

A

it closes over the entrance to the trachea and prevents food from going the ‘wrong way’

55
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

a narrow muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach

56
Q

how is food moved in the oesophagus

A

food is moved by waves of muscular contraction called peristalsis

57
Q

what is the stomach?

A

a j-shaped muscular bag in the abdominal cavity

58
Q

mechanical digestion in the stomach

A

food is churned into a semi-liquid state called chyme by the contraction of the thick muscle wall

59
Q

chemical digestion in the stomach

A

food is acted on by gastric juice secreted by the gastric glands in the stomach lining

60
Q

3 components of gastric juice

A

Mucus
HCl
Enzyme (pepsin)

61
Q

function of mucus in the stomach

A

protects from self - digestion and lubricates (moistens) the food

62
Q

function of HCl in the stomach 3

A

provides the optimal pH for pepsin
it sterilised the food
it hydrolyses (splits) starch

63
Q

pH of stomach

A

2

64
Q

function of enzyme in the stomach

A

pepsin converts protein to peptides

65
Q

3 other things that occur in the stomach

A

food is heated to suitable temp for enzyme
absorption of water, glucose, salts and alcohol
food stored temporarily

66
Q

how does food pass from the stomach to the duodenum

A

through the relaxed pyloric sphincter

67
Q

2 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum and ileum

68
Q

pH of small intestine

A

7-9

69
Q

3 things that occur in the small intestine

A

food is:moved along
digested
absorbed

70
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine and the main area of digestion

71
Q

3 places from which the duodenum receives secretions

A

liver
pancreas
lining of small intestine

72
Q

what does the liver produce

A

bile

73
Q

what is bile

A

a yellow green alkaline fluid

74
Q

where is bile stored

A

the gall bladder

75
Q

what does bile consist of

A

bile salts (alkaline) and bile pigments

76
Q

2 functions of bile

A

to emulsify fats

to neutralise the acid food coming from the stomach

77
Q

what does it mean to emulsify fats

A

to break them down into small droplets to increase their surface area

78
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

pancreatic juice

79
Q

where does the pancreatic juice enter the doudenum?

A

via the pancreatic duct

80
Q

3 things that pancreatic juice consists of

A

water, alkaline salts and enzymes

81
Q

function of alkaline salts in pancreatic juice

A

neutralise acid coming from the stomach

82
Q

function of enzymes salts in pancreatic juice

A

amylase changes starch to maltose

lipase changes lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

83
Q

what does the lining of the small intestine produce?

A

intestinal juices

84
Q

4 things that intestinal juice consists of

A

water mucus salts and enzymes

85
Q

which enzymes are in intestinal juice

A

maltase and lipase

86
Q

what does maltase do?

A

converts maltose to glucose

87
Q

how is food kept moving in the small intestine

A

through peristalsis ( waves of muscle contraction )

88
Q

chyle

A

a watery emulsion that the food is converted into in the small intestine

89
Q

end products of digestion

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol

90
Q

explain aborption of digested food

A

the end products of digestion and vitamins and minerals pass through membranes in the ileum into the blood and lymph systems by diffusion

91
Q

3 ways in which the ileum is adapted for absorption

A

it is a very long tube with finger-like villi to give a larger surface area
the villus wall is very thin to allow rapid movement of food through it into blood and lymph vessels
it has a large supply of blood and lymph vessels (lacteals) to absorb and carry away the products of digestion

92
Q

2 ways in which food can be absorbed

A

into the blood capillaries and go into the hepatic portal vein
absorbed into lymph lacteals

93
Q

which foods are absorbed into the blood capillaries and go into the hepatic portal vein

A 
glucose
amino acids
vitamins
minerals
water
94
Q

which foods are absorbed into lymph lacteals

A

fatty acids

glycerol

95
Q

where do the foods go from the hepatic portal vein

A

to the liver

96
Q

where do the foods go from the lymph lacteals

A

to the lymph system and then to the blood system

97
Q

the large intestine consists of (4)

A

caecum
appendix
colon
rectum

98
Q

function of colon and appendix

A

no known function in man

in herbivores they house cellulose-digesting bacteria (symbiosis)

99
Q

3 functions of the colon

A

reabsorbs water (osmosis)
absorbs minerals and vitamins (diffusion and AT)
forms faeces

100
Q

faeces

A

semi-solid waste

101
Q

where is symbiotic bacteria found?

A

in the large intestine

102
Q

function of the bacteria in the gut 3

A

produce vitamins B and K, defend against pathogenic bacteria and digest some food

103
Q

5 components of faeces

A

undigested food, bile pigments, salts, bacteria, dead cells

104
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship between 2 different species that involves benefit

105
Q

function of the rectum

A

faeces is stored here before being egested via the anus

106
Q

egestion

A

removal of undigested or unabsorbed material

107
Q

largest internal organ of the body

A

the liver

108
Q

where does the liver lie?

A

below the diaphragm on the right side of the stomacj

109
Q

cells of liver

A

have a large number of mitochondria

110
Q

3 blood vessels moving to and from the liver

A

hepatic artery
hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein

111
Q

hepatic artery

A

brings blood (+O2) from the aorta to the liver

112
Q

hepatic vein

A

takes blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava

113
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

brings blood (+digested food) from the gut to the liver

114
Q

main function of the liver

A

regulates the nutrients in blood

115
Q

2 ways in which the liver regulates the nutrients in blood

A

it removes excess glucose and stores it as glycogen

it removes excess amino acids and breaks them down forming urea (deamination)

116
Q

some other functions of the liver

A 
breakdown of red blood cells
makes bile
stores iron
stores vitamins ADEK
makes plasma proteins
makes cholesterol
produces heat
detoxification of blood
117
Q

1 medical disorder of the digestive system

A

appendicitis

118
Q

symptoms of appendicitis

A

severe pain in the lower right part of the abdomen
nausea and vomiting
high temperature

119
Q

cause of appendicitis

A

bacteria cause inflammation. the appendix becomes swollen and may burst

120
Q

prevention of appendicitis

A

unknown

121
Q

balanced diet

A

a diet with the correct amount of each type of food

122
Q

6 components of a balanced diet

A

lipids, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water

123
Q

amount of food needed is affected by

A

age sex and activity

124
Q

fibre in the diet

A

roughage

125
Q

where does fibre come from

A

in the form of cellulose found in the cell walls of plants

126
Q

can humans digest cellulose?

A

no

127
Q

what happens to cellulose in the gut?

A

it absorbs and holds water

128
Q

what is the advantage of of the cellulose holding the water in the gut?

A

it increases the volume of waste matter in the large intestine

129
Q

larger volume of waste matter=

A

stimulates peristalsis and speeds up movement of waste matter in the intestine which can prevent constipation

130
Q

good sources of fibre

A

fruit
vegetables
wholemeal bread
cereals

131
Q

advantage of having a digestive system

A

all food is broken down in specialised parts of the body so it can be absorbed into the blood and lymph to go to all cells of the body

132
Q

what does it mean for our cells that we have one big digestive system?

A

that all other cells in the body don’t need to have a range of digestive enzymes

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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