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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what do all cell activities require?

A

energy

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2
Q

what happens in photosynthesis?

A

green plants use sunlight energy to make carbohydrates

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3
Q

plants that photosynthesise

A

autotrophs

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4
Q

what traps sunlight?

A

chlorophyll

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5
Q

what is needed in p?

A

co2 and water (light energy)

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6
Q

products of p?

A

glucose and oxyegn

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7
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

3 roles of photosynthesis

A

plants get food directly for energy
other organisms get food by eating plants
all organisms get O2 for respiration

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9
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in any green part of the plant but mainly in the leaves

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10
Q

4 ways in which leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

A

large surface area/thin
large number of chloroplasts with chlorophyll
stomata to allow gas to diffuse in and out of the leaf
air spaces for diffusion of gases inside the leaf

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11
Q

what part of light can be used by plants

A

visible/white light only

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12
Q

how could you increase photosynthesis using light

A

electric light given in green houses

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13
Q

2 ways in which plants may get CO2

A

from plant respiration

from the atmosphere and respiration in living organisms and the combustion of fossil fuels

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14
Q

How do plants get water

A

It is absorbed from soil by root epidermal cells and moves up via the xylem to the leaves

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15
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light and dark stage

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16
Q

what does the light stage require

A

light (light dependent stage)

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17
Q

where does the light stage take place?

A

in the granum of the chloroplast

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18
Q

what does the dark stage not require?

A

light (non light dependent stage)

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19
Q

what is the dark stage dependent on?

A

the products of the light stage

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20
Q

where does the dark stage occur?

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

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21
Q

which bit of the chloroplast is the granum

A

the layered bits

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22
Q

which bit of the chloroplast is the stroma

A

the cytoplasmy bit

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23
Q

products of the light stage

A

ATP and NADH

O2

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24
Q

role of ATP and NADH in the dark stage

A

these energy rich molecules are used in the dark stage to make glucose

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25
role of O2 in the plant
used in plant respiration or released from the plant and used in respiration in other organisms
26
what is chlorophyll?
the green pigment found in chloroplasts in plants
27
what mineral is found in chlorophyll?
magnesium
28
what absorbs white light
chlorophyll (and other pigments)
29
what colours do plant pigments absorb from visible light?
all colours except green
30
what happens to green light?
it is reflected
31
what happens to the light energy absorbed?
energy is transferred to electrons making them high energy electrons
32
what happens to the high energy electrons
they are released from chlorophyll and passed along 2 pathways called cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow
33
Role of water in photosynthesis
In the light stage, water is split into H+ ions, electrons and oxygen
34
equation for when water is split into H+ ions, electrons and oxygen
H2O -> 2H+ +2e- + O2
35
role of NADP+ in photosynthesis
NADP+ picks up and carries high energy electrons and hydrogen ions
36
equation for when NADP+ picks up and carries high energy electrons and hydrogen ions
NADP+ +2e- + H+ -> NADPH
37
where do the electrons and H+ ions come from that NADP+ picks up
electrons come from chlorophyl and the hydrogen ions come from the splitting of water in the light stage
38
what happens to the electrons and H+ ions come from that NADP+ picks up during the dark stage
the electrons and H+ ions are released from NADPH and used to make glucose
39
first thing that occurs in cyclic electron flow
sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll
40
cyclic electron flow: after sunlight energy absorbed
energised electrons are released from chlorophyll and picked up by an electron acceptor
41
cyclic electron flow: energised electrons are released from chlorophyll and picked up by an electron acceptor
the electrons are then passed along a chain of electron carriers
42
cyclic electron flow: what happens along the chain of electron carriers
energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP
43
cyclic electron flow: after energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP
electrons return to the same chlorophyll
44
what is different about non-cyclic electron flow?
electrons do not return to the same chlorophyll
45
non-cyclic electron flow: first step
light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll
46
non-cyclic electron flow: after light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll
energised electrons are released and picked up by an electron acceptor
47
non-cyclic electron flow: after energised electrons are released and picked up by an electron acceptor
the electrons are then passed along a chain of electron carriers
48
non-cyclic electron flow: what happens along the chain of electron carriers
energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP
49
non-cyclic electron flow: after energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP
the electrons go on to combine with NADP+ forming NADP-
50
non-cyclic electron flow: after NADP- is formed
H2O is split into protons (H+), electrons and oxygen gas
51
non-cyclic electron flow: what happens to the protons from H2O
they go to a pool of protons in the chloroplast
52
non-cyclic electron flow: what happens to one of the protons?
it combines with NADP- forming NADPH
53
non-cyclic electron flow: equation form when proton combines with NADP- forming NADPH
NADP- + H+ -> NADPH
54
non-cyclic electron flow: where do the electrons from H2O go to
to the chlorophyll to replace the electrons that it lost
55
non-cyclic electron flow: what happens to the oxygen
used in plant respiration or released into the atmosphere
56
dark stage: what is used to make what and how?
CO2 entres a cycle called the calvin cycle and is used to make glucose
57
what controls the dark stage
enzymes
58
why is it significant that the dark stage is controlled by enzymes?
it is affected by temperature
59
2 sources of CO2
plant respiration | from the air (respiration of other animals/combustion)
60
dark stage: what does ATP supply
energy
61
dark stage: what does NADPH supply?
electrons and protons to converts into glucose
62
equation for dark stage
CO2 + NADPH + ATP -> Cx(H2O)Y + NADP+ + ADP + P
63
what is reused from the dark stage
NADP+ , ADP and P are reused in the light stage
64
3 major environmental factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity CO2 concentration temperature
65
Elodea
pondweed
66
why is elodea used in experiments to measure the rate of photosynthesis?
it gives off oxygen bubbles that can be seen and counted
67
how do you measure the rate of photosynthesis
counting the number of bubbles of O2 released per minute
68
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: what is kept constant
the temperature and CO2 concentration
69
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: prepare the elodea
obtain a fresh shoot of Elodea and cut the stem at an angle
70
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: what do you do with the prepared Elodea
put it in a test tube of water containing excess sodium hydrogen carbonate
71
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: purpose of sodium hydrogen carbonate
to keep the CO2 constant
72
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: where does the test tube go and why?
in a water bath to keep the temperature constant
73
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: how far away from the light
a measured distance e.g. 15cm
74
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: when do you start counting and why
5 minutes after to allow the plant time to adjust to the light intensity
75
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: what do you count
the number of O2 bubbles released per minute | do it 3 times and get an average. record result
76
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: how do you vary the light intensity
place the plant at different distances from the lamp (allow time to adjust each time)
77
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: how do you measure the light intensity at each distance
using a light meter
78
To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: x axis and y axis
x-axis: rate of photosynthesis | y-axis: light intensity
79
what limits the rate of photosynthesis
the factor which is nearest its minimum value

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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