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Biology (Mona) > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what do all cell activities require?

A

energy

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2
Q

what happens in photosynthesis?

A

green plants use sunlight energy to make carbohydrates

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3
Q

plants that photosynthesise

A

autotrophs

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4
Q

what traps sunlight?

A

chlorophyll

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5
Q

what is needed in p?

A

co2 and water (light energy)

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6
Q

products of p?

A

glucose and oxyegn

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7
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

3 roles of photosynthesis

A

plants get food directly for energy
other organisms get food by eating plants
all organisms get O2 for respiration

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9
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in any green part of the plant but mainly in the leaves

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10
Q

4 ways in which leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

A

large surface area/thin
large number of chloroplasts with chlorophyll
stomata to allow gas to diffuse in and out of the leaf
air spaces for diffusion of gases inside the leaf

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11
Q

what part of light can be used by plants

A

visible/white light only

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12
Q

how could you increase photosynthesis using light

A

electric light given in green houses

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13
Q

2 ways in which plants may get CO2

A

from plant respiration

from the atmosphere and respiration in living organisms and the combustion of fossil fuels

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14
Q

How do plants get water

A

It is absorbed from soil by root epidermal cells and moves up via the xylem to the leaves

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15
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light and dark stage

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16
Q

what does the light stage require

A

light (light dependent stage)

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17
Q

where does the light stage take place?

A

in the granum of the chloroplast

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18
Q

what does the dark stage not require?

A

light (non light dependent stage)

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19
Q

what is the dark stage dependent on?

A

the products of the light stage

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20
Q

where does the dark stage occur?

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

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21
Q

which bit of the chloroplast is the granum

A

the layered bits

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22
Q

which bit of the chloroplast is the stroma

A

the cytoplasmy bit

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23
Q

products of the light stage

A

ATP and NADH

O2

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24
Q

role of ATP and NADH in the dark stage

A

these energy rich molecules are used in the dark stage to make glucose

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25
Q

role of O2 in the plant

A

used in plant respiration or released from the plant and used in respiration in other organisms

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26
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

the green pigment found in chloroplasts in plants

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27
Q

what mineral is found in chlorophyll?

A

magnesium

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28
Q

what absorbs white light

A

chlorophyll (and other pigments)

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29
Q

what colours do plant pigments absorb from visible light?

A

all colours except green

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30
Q

what happens to green light?

A

it is reflected

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31
Q

what happens to the light energy absorbed?

A

energy is transferred to electrons making them high energy electrons

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32
Q

what happens to the high energy electrons

A

they are released from chlorophyll and passed along 2 pathways called cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow

33
Q

Role of water in photosynthesis

A

In the light stage, water is split into H+ ions, electrons and oxygen

34
Q

equation for when water is split into H+ ions, electrons and oxygen

A

H2O -> 2H+ +2e- + O2

35
Q

role of NADP+ in photosynthesis

A

NADP+ picks up and carries high energy electrons and hydrogen ions

36
Q

equation for when NADP+ picks up and carries high energy electrons and hydrogen ions

A

NADP+ +2e- + H+ -> NADPH

37
Q

where do the electrons and H+ ions come from that NADP+ picks up

A

electrons come from chlorophyl and the hydrogen ions come from the splitting of water in the light stage

38
Q

what happens to the electrons and H+ ions come from that NADP+ picks up during the dark stage

A

the electrons and H+ ions are released from NADPH and used to make glucose

39
Q

first thing that occurs in cyclic electron flow

A

sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll

40
Q

cyclic electron flow: after sunlight energy absorbed

A

energised electrons are released from chlorophyll and picked up by an electron acceptor

41
Q

cyclic electron flow: energised electrons are released from chlorophyll and picked up by an electron acceptor

A

the electrons are then passed along a chain of electron carriers

42
Q

cyclic electron flow: what happens along the chain of electron carriers

A

energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP

43
Q

cyclic electron flow: after energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP

A

electrons return to the same chlorophyll

44
Q

what is different about non-cyclic electron flow?

A

electrons do not return to the same chlorophyll

45
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: first step

A

light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll

46
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: after light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll

A

energised electrons are released and picked up by an electron acceptor

47
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: after energised electrons are released and picked up by an electron acceptor

A

the electrons are then passed along a chain of electron carriers

48
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: what happens along the chain of electron carriers

A

energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP

49
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: after energy is released from the electrons and used to make ATP

A

the electrons go on to combine with NADP+ forming NADP-

50
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: after NADP- is formed

A

H2O is split into protons (H+), electrons and oxygen gas

51
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: what happens to the protons from H2O

A

they go to a pool of protons in the chloroplast

52
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: what happens to one of the protons?

A

it combines with NADP- forming NADPH

53
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: equation form when proton combines with NADP- forming NADPH

A

NADP- + H+ -> NADPH

54
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: where do the electrons from H2O go to

A

to the chlorophyll to replace the electrons that it lost

55
Q

non-cyclic electron flow: what happens to the oxygen

A

used in plant respiration or released into the atmosphere

56
Q

dark stage: what is used to make what and how?

A

CO2 entres a cycle called the calvin cycle and is used to make glucose

57
Q

what controls the dark stage

A

enzymes

58
Q

why is it significant that the dark stage is controlled by enzymes?

A

it is affected by temperature

59
Q

2 sources of CO2

A

plant respiration

from the air (respiration of other animals/combustion)

60
Q

dark stage: what does ATP supply

A

energy

61
Q

dark stage: what does NADPH supply?

A

electrons and protons to converts into glucose

62
Q

equation for dark stage

A

CO2 + NADPH + ATP -> Cx(H2O)Y + NADP+ + ADP + P

63
Q

what is reused from the dark stage

A

NADP+ , ADP and P are reused in the light stage

64
Q

3 major environmental factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis

A

light intensity
CO2 concentration
temperature

65
Q

Elodea

A

pondweed

66
Q

why is elodea used in experiments to measure the rate of photosynthesis?

A

it gives off oxygen bubbles that can be seen and counted

67
Q

how do you measure the rate of photosynthesis

A

counting the number of bubbles of O2 released per minute

68
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: what is kept constant

A

the temperature and CO2 concentration

69
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: prepare the elodea

A

obtain a fresh shoot of Elodea and cut the stem at an angle

70
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: what do you do with the prepared Elodea

A

put it in a test tube of water containing excess sodium hydrogen carbonate

71
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: purpose of sodium hydrogen carbonate

A

to keep the CO2 constant

72
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: where does the test tube go and why?

A

in a water bath to keep the temperature constant

73
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: how far away from the light

A

a measured distance e.g. 15cm

74
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: when do you start counting and why

A

5 minutes after to allow the plant time to adjust to the light intensity

75
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: what do you count

A

the number of O2 bubbles released per minute

do it 3 times and get an average. record result

76
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: how do you vary the light intensity

A

place the plant at different distances from the lamp (allow time to adjust each time)

77
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: how do you measure the light intensity at each distance

A

using a light meter

78
Q

To investigate the influence of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: x axis and y axis

A

x-axis: rate of photosynthesis

y-axis: light intensity

79
Q

what limits the rate of photosynthesis

A

the factor which is nearest its minimum value

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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