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Biology (Mona) > Sexual Reproduction in the Flowering Plant > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction in the Flowering Plant Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which part of the plant is specialised for sexual reproduction

A

the flower

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2
Q

gamete

A

haploid cell, capable of fusion

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3
Q

when do gamete nuclei fuse and what is made

A

they fuse at fertilisation to form a diploid zygote

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4
Q

zygote becomes a

A

seed

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5
Q

seed becomes a

A

new plant

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6
Q

plants produced by sexual reproduction will show

A

genetic variation

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7
Q

gametes to zygote and endosperm

A

polination and fertilisation

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8
Q

zygote and endosperm to seed

A

mitosis

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9
Q

seed to plant 3

A

germination
dispersal
dormancy

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10
Q

bit that the flower sits on

A

sepal

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11
Q

what are all the parts of the flower attached to

A

the receptacle at the top of the flower shoot

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12
Q

sepals

A

green leaf-life structures which protect the flower while it is a bud

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13
Q

petals

A

brightly coloured with nectaries

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14
Q

function of petals

A

attract insects for pollination

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15
Q

male part

A

stamen

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16
Q

stamen

A

consists of filament (stalk) and anther

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17
Q

function of anther

A

produces pollen

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18
Q

female part

A

carpel

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19
Q

carpel

A

consists of the stigma, style and ovary with ovule

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20
Q

function of the stigma

A

receives pollen

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21
Q

function of the ovule

A

produces the egg

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22
Q

end result of sexual reproduction of a flower plant

A

a seed or seeds inside of a fruit

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23
Q

after fertilisation the ovule becomes

A

a seed

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24
Q

after fertilisation the ovary becomes

A

the fruit

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25
Q

what does an anther have?

A

4 pollen sacs

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26
Q

what occurs in the pollen sacs (first)

A

diploid microspore mother cells divide by meiosis to produce four halpoid microspores each

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27
Q

what happens to each microspore

A

each microspore divides by mitosis to form a pollen grain with 2 haploid nuclei

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28
Q

the 2 haploid nuclei in the pollen grain are called

A

the generative nucleus and tube nucleus

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29
Q

the mature pollen grain forms

A

a wall

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30
Q

what does each carpel have at its base

A

an ovary with 2 or more ovules

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31
Q

first thing that occurs in the ovule

A

the diploid megaspore mother cell divides by mitosis to form 4 haploid cells

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32
Q

what happens to the 4 haploid cells in the ovule

A

3 break down

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33
Q

4th haploid cell in the ovule that does not break down

A

enlarges to form the embryo sac

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34
Q

what happens to the embryo sac

A

it divides 3 times to form 8 nuclei

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35
Q

what happens to 3 of the 8 nuclei from the embryo sac

A

one nucleus becomes the egg cell (n) and 2 become the polar nuclei (n) these are the female gamete

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36
Q

describe the walls of a mature ovule

A

it has 2 walls called the integuments that enclose the embryo sac and there is a tiny opening in the integuments for the micropyle (for entry of pollen tube)

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37
Q

as the pollen grains mature, what happens to the anther

A

the wall of the anther shrinks and dies out

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38
Q

how are the pollen grains released when anther dies

A

a line of dehiscence (split) appears down each side of the anther, the walls split open and the pollen grains are released

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39
Q

what must happen so that fertilisation and seed production to occur

A

pollen grains must be transferred from the anther to the stigma

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40
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

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41
Q

2 types of pollination

A

self pollination

cross pollination

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42
Q

self pollination

A

pollen grains are transferred onto the stigma of the same flower (or onto another flower of the same plant)

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43
Q

cross pollination

A

pollen grains are transferred onto the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species

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44
Q

what does cross pollination do

A

increases genetic variation

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45
Q

which type of pollination is more common

A

cross pollination

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46
Q

how is cross pollination carried out

A

by insects or the wind

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47
Q

3 parts of insect pollinated flowers that show characteristics

A

flowers, pollen grains and stigmas

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48
Q

flowers of insect pollinated flowers

A

brightly coloured petals, sweet smelling and have nectaries to attract insects 1

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49
Q

pollen grains of insect pollinated flowers

A

spiked and sticky and they will stick well to the insects body

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50
Q

stigmas of insect pollinated flowers

A

flat and stick and inside the flower to ensue that the insect brushes against them

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51
Q

3 insect pollinated flowers

A

buttercup
daisy
wallflower

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52
Q

flowers of wind pollinated flowers

A

flowers are small, seals and petals are green or often absent to allow free circulation of air, no perfume or nectar

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53
Q

pollen of wind pollinated flowers

A

large quantity of pollen produced to increase chances of pollination

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54
Q

pollen grains of wind pollinated flowers

A

small, smooth and light to make them easily airborne

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55
Q

stigmas of wind pollinated flowers

A

feathery stigmas hang outside the flower to catch pollen in the air

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56
Q

filaments of wind pollinated flowers

A

long filaments to allow anthers to hang outside of the flower - easy removal of pollen

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57
Q

3 examples of wind pollinated flowers

A

grasses oak birch

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58
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of males and female gametes to form a zygote

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59
Q

first step of fertilisation

A

pollen grains land on the stigma and absorb a sugary material

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60
Q

what happens to each pollen during fertilisation

A

each pollen germinates to form a pollen tube that grows down to the style

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61
Q

what controls the growth of the pollen tube

A

the tube nucleus at the tip

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62
Q

what directs growth of pollen tubd towards the ovule

A

chemicals produced in the ovule (chemotropism)

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63
Q

how does the pollen tube enter the ovule and what happens when it does

A

via the micropyle and the nucleus breaks down

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64
Q

while the pollen tube enters the ovule, what happens to the generative nucleus

A

the generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form 2 male gamete nuclei

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65
Q

what happens to the male nuclei during fertilisation

A

the male nuclei move down the pollen tube and into the embryo sac

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66
Q

final step of fertilisation

A

double fertilisation occurs

67
Q

first thing in double fertilisation occurs

A

one male nucleus (n) fuses with egg cell (n) forming a diploid zygote

68
Q

other occurrence

A

one male nucleus (n) fuses with 2 polar nuclei (2n) to produce endosperm (3n)

69
Q

after fertilisation occurs what happens to the zygote

A

it divides by mitosis to form the embryo

70
Q

what happens to the embryo during seed formation

A

it is differentiated into the plumule (future shoot) and radicle (future root) and 1 or 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)

71
Q

what happens to the 3n endosperm during seed formation

A

divides by mitosis to form the endosperm

72
Q

function of the endosperm

A

this is a food storage tissue that surrounds the developing embryo and supplies it with food

73
Q

what happens to the integuments during seed formation

A

the integuments fry out to become the seed coat or testa

74
Q

what happens to the ovule during seed formation

A

the ovule enlarges and develops into the seed

75
Q

what happens to the ovary during seed formation

A

the ovary develops into the fruit

76
Q

what happens to the seed when it is fully formed and why

A

when the seed is fully formed it loses most of its water, this reduces the metabolism in the embryo and the seed becomes dormant

77
Q

endospermic seeds

A

the endosperm is the main food storage tissue in the mature seed eg. maize, wheat

78
Q

non-endospermic seeds

A

the cotyledons (seed-leaves) are the food storage tissue in the mature seeds eg. peas, beans

79
Q

what happens to endosperm food in non-endospermic seeds

A

the food is used up by the developing cotyledons

80
Q

3 parts of a seed

A

testa
embryo
emdosperm

81
Q

testa

A

seed coat

82
Q

function of testa

A

encloses and protects the embryo and food store

83
Q

embryo

A

an elongated structure

84
Q

5b parts of embryo

A 
plumule 
epicotyl
hypocotyl
radicle 
cotyledons
85
Q

plumule

A

upper tip of embryo that forms shoot

86
Q

epicotyl

A

part of the embryo between the plumule and the cotyledons

87
Q

hypocotyl

A

part of the embryo between the radicle and the cotyledons

88
Q

radicle

A

lower tip of embryo that forms root

89
Q

cotyledons

A

seed leaves that store food

90
Q

function of endosperm

A

stores food

91
Q

is an endosperm present in all seeds

A

no

92
Q

a typical seed stores what

A

carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, either in cotyledons or endosperm

93
Q

scar at the bottom of a seed

A

hilium

94
Q

example of non-endospermic, dicot seed

A

broad bean seed

95
Q

example of endospermic monocot seed

A

maize grain

96
Q

maize grain is really

A

a fruit

97
Q

outer wall of maize grain consists of

A

pericarp (fruit wall) and testa (seed coat)

98
Q

what happens after pollination and fertilisation

A

the ovule becomes a seed and the ovary becomes a fruit

99
Q

developing seeds produce what and why?

A

growth regulators (auxins and gibberellins) that stimulate the ovary to become a fruit

100
Q

fruit formation of seedless fruit

A

development of a fruit without a seed inside (egg is not fertilised)

101
Q

2 ways in which seedless fruit may be produced

A

selective breeding eg. bananas, seedless oranges
using growth regulators eg. auxins or gibberellins sprayed on flowers to form fruit without fertilisation and seed development eg.grapes

102
Q

2 functions of fruit

A

protect the seed

disperse the seeds (carry away from parent plant)

103
Q

3 functions of seed dispersal

A 
allow plant to colonise new areas 
reduce competition (space, water, minerals)
increase chance of survival of species
104
Q

4 types of seed dispersal

A

mechanical or self-dispersal
wind dispersal
animal dispersal
water dispersal

105
Q

mechanical or self-dispersal

A

dry, dehiscent fruits open and scatter seeds some distance away from parent plant eg. pea/bean

106
Q

wind dispersal 2

A

winged fruits eg. ash/sycamore

plumed fruits eg. hairy tuft of dandeline

107
Q

animal dispersal 2

A

fleshy or succulent fruits often eaten by animals, seeds pass through digestive system and deposited far awasy eg. raspberry/tomato
hooked fruits or seeds become attached to coat of on animal eg. goosegrass

108
Q

water dispersal

A

plants growing in or near water produce seeds with spongy covering that gives buoyancy eg. water lily

109
Q

2 changes that take place as ovary ripens into a fruit

A

cell walls break down and chlorophyll content decreases

110
Q

what causes the changes that take place as ovary ripens into a fruit

A

the gas ethene, a growth regulator produced by ripening fruit

111
Q

hay fever

A

an allergic reaction to pollen or other allergens present on fungal spores, animal skin, house dust mites etc

112
Q

symptoms of hay fever

A

itching and tears in the eyes, sneezing and a runny inflamed nose

113
Q

treatment of hay fever

A

treated with antihistamines to reduce inflammation or with decongestants to clear the nose

114
Q

dormancy 2

A

a period of low metabolism

a period of no growth

115
Q

3 advantages of seed dormancy

A

germination is delayed until conditions are suitable for growth
ensures survival of plant during unfavourable conditions
allows time for greater dispersal of seeds by water, wind and animals

116
Q

special conditions to break seed dormancy in horticultural practices

A

seeds soaked in H2O
seeds scrapes to break testa (more permeable)
seeds are treated to a cold period

117
Q

suggest 3 ways in which a knowledge of dormancy is useful to farmers and gardeners

A

it gives information about;

  • seed treatment before sowing seeds
  • optimum time for sowing seeds
  • optimum conditions for storing seeds
118
Q

germination of seeds

A

when the embryo begins to grow again

119
Q

4 factors that germination requires

A

water
oxygen
suitable temperature (5-30ºC)
light (some do eg.lettuce)

120
Q

H2O in germination 4

A

hydrates cytoplasm (enzyme reactions)
swells seed and testa bursts
for movement of materials
for formation of new tissues

121
Q

O2 in germination

A

needed for aerobic respiration (for energy)

122
Q

suitable temperature in germination

A

needed to provide optimum temperature for enzyme reactions

123
Q

light in germination

A

some seeds need light

124
Q

what does the seed absorb during germination and how

A

seed absorbs H2O and O2 through the testa

125
Q

cytoplasm during germination

A

becomes hydrated

126
Q

enzymes during germination

A

enzymes begin to digest food un cotyledons or endosperm into a soluble form

127
Q

soluble food molecules during germination

A

move to the developing embryo (mass of cotyledon or endosperm decreases and mass of embryo increases)

128
Q

nutrients during germination 2

A

some nutrients used as structural materials by the embryo

some used in respiration to provide energy for growth

129
Q

first stage of germination in the broad bean

A

the seed absorbs water and swells, radicle bursts through testa

130
Q

once radicle bursts through testa in germination in the broad bean

A

the hooked plumule emerges, radicle elongates and becomes foot

131
Q

once plumule emerges in germination in the broad bean

A

the epicotyl elongates and pushes the plumule upwards

132
Q

after the plumule has been pushed upwards in germination in the broad bean

A

the plumule straightens above ground and forms the first green leaves (photosynthesis begins)

133
Q

cotyledons in germination in the broad bean

A

shrink and remain underground

134
Q

end of germination young plant is called

A

seedling

135
Q

how does a seedling grow into a mature plant

A

by cell division in the meristems in shoot and root tips

136
Q

cell division in the meristems in shoot and root tips is followed by

A

cell elongation and cell differentiation (where tissues develop)

137
Q

what is energy needed for in germination

A

digestion and growth

138
Q

where does energy come from for germination

A

from respiration

139
Q

dry weight initially during germination

A

small decrease

140
Q

why does dry weight initially decrease during germination

A

due to respiration

141
Q

dry weight after drop during germination

A

increases

142
Q

why does dry weight after drop increase during germination

A

due to photosynthesis occurring when green leaves are formed

143
Q

why is dry weight taken

A

amount of water varies between seeds

144
Q

to obtain dry weight

A

heat material in oven at 100ºC until the weight remains constant

145
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
which seeds

A

pea seeds

146
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
how many seeds in each test tube

A

10

147
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
how long do you leave them

A

6 days but check them daily

148
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
how to remove water

A

at dry cotton wool and no water

149
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
how to remove heat

A

put it in the fridge at about 4ºC

150
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
how to remove oxygen

A

place in anaerobic jar

151
Q

to investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on seed germination
how to add water

A

wet cotton wool

152
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
what beans

A

been seeds

153
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
digestive activity

A

bean seeds release amylase onto starch agar and it breaks down some of the starch

154
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
how to test for digestive activity

A

iodine shows the presence or absence of starch

155
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
control

A

dead seeds (boiled)

156
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
how to kill control seeds

A

place them in boiling water for 10 minutes

157
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
how to expose embryo

A

split each in half and separate the cotyledons and expose the embryo

158
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
what is it important to do to all seeds before experiment

A

sterilise them in disinfectant solution

159
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
how to sterilise forceps

A

flame it

160
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
how do you place seeds

A

use sterile forceps to place seed halves open-side down

161
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
why are they placed open side down

A

so that the enzymes are in contact with the substrate

162
Q

to show digestive activity of seeds during germination using starch agar plates
how long do you incubate for?

A

2 days

163
Q

result for control

A

blue all over

no clear spots

164
Q

result for live seeds

A

clear areas under seeds

Biology (Mona) (38 decks)

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