The Flowering Plant Flashcards
where does growth of the flowering plant able to occur
only in certain regions called meristems
meristem
region of active mitosis (cell division) in a plant
where are meristems found?
in the root tip and shoot tip
what are meristems responsible for?
growth in the length of the plant
during plant growth, what happens to meristematic cells?
they divide to produce new cells
the cells elongate and then develop into different types of tissues
bottom of young root
root cap
what is the root cap made of
dead cells to protect the meristem
up from root cap of young root
meristem
3 ways the meristem differs from the root cap
divides by mitosis
smaler
small vacuole
up from meristem of young root
zone of elongation
up from zone of elongation of young root
zone of differentiation / root hair zone
what is in the zone of differentiation of young root
vascular tissue
4 main types of plant tissue and examples
dermal (epidermis)
vascular (xylem, phloem)
ground (cells inside leaf, cortex in stem)
meristematic (cells that divide in root tip and shoot tip)
dermal tissue
usually a single layer of cells on the outside part of a plant
2 functions of epidermis
protection
prevents loss of water if it is a cuticle
vascular tissue in plants
xylem or phloem
vascular =
transport
where are xylem and phloem found?
in vascular bundles in all parts of a plant
are xylem alive?
no they are just complex dead tissue
what do xylem consist of?
vessels and tracheids
where are xylem commonly found?
in flowering plants eg.buttercup
what are vessels
narrow tubes made up of cells joined end-to-end
do the vessel cells have end walls? and what does this do?
no, they have a continuous lumen between cells
is there cytoplasm in vessels and why?
no, they are hollow for easy flow of water
cell walls of vessels
made of lignin to give strength and support
what are in the walls of vessels and why ?
pits in the walls allow lateral movement of water
where are xylem tracheids found
in conifers such as pine trees
what are tracheids
long narrow tubes made up all cells joined end to end
walls of tracheids 2
lignified and with pits
end walls in tracheids 2
they have end walls, there are pits in them to allow the passage of water
2 functions of xylem
transport water and minerals up the plant
give strength and support to the plant (xylem forms woofd)
phloem
a complex living tissue
what does phloem consist of?
sieve tubes and companion cells
what are sieve tubes?
long tubes made by joining sieve elements (cells) end-to end
sieve plates 2
have pores, allow food to pass through
walls of phloem
thin and composed of cellulose
does a companion cell have a nucleus
yes
is there cytoplasm in the phloem cell
cytoplasm
function of phloem
transport of food from leaves to rest of plant
3 functions of ground tissue between dermal and vascular tissue in stems and roots
packing
support
food storage
3 functions of dermal tissue inside the leaf
photosynthesis
diffusion of gases
food storage
5 plant organs
root stem leaf bud flower
3 functions of ground tissue
photosynthesis
support
food storage
3 features seen in the transverse section of a dicot root
one vascular bundle in the centre
hairs
no leaves or buds
3 features seen in the transverse section of a dicot stem
many vascular bundles in a ring
no hairs
has leaves and buds
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
what do you use to cut
a backed blade
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
where and how do you cut
at right angles to the stem in the internode section
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
how thin do you cut?
so thin that light can pass through when viewed under the microscope
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
1st thing you do
cut thin sections of a wet herbaceous stem
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
how do you avoid cutting yourself
cut away from your hand
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
once you have cut
cut several sections and place them in a petri dish of water
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
making up the slides
using a paintbrush take the thinnest sections and place them on a microscope slide in a drop of water
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
coverslip
place the coverslip at an angle and lower it slowly
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
after you have made the slide
examine the sections using the microscope
draw labelled diagrams of what is seen
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
the carrot
a carrot may be used to support a stem while cutting it
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
why use fresh herbaceous green plants?
they are easy to cut
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
why use young stems
the various tissues are easier to see in young stems
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
why use wet stems?
turgid material is easier to cut thinly
TO PREPARE AND EXAMINE A TS OF A DICOT STEM
where do you make the cuts
at the internode
adaptations of xylem as vascular tissue
vessels are empty
vessels are open ended
adaptations of xylem as support tissue
lignified walls
end walls overlap
