the kidney Flashcards

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1
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

at the back of the abdomens

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2
Q

what are the kidney’s two important functions?

A
  • regulate the water content in the blood
  • they excrete the toxic waste products of metabolism
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3
Q

why is regulating the water content of the blood important for the kidneys?

A

vital for maintaining blood pressure

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4
Q

what is an example of a toxic waste product of metabolism?

A

urea

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5
Q

what substances are in excess of requirement?

A

salts

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6
Q

what are the 3 sections of the kidney?

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
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7
Q

where is the cortex located?

A

around the outside and has a lighter colour

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8
Q

where is the medulla located?

A

in the middle- triangular shaped

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9
Q

where is the pelvis located?

A

in the centre- yellowy colour

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10
Q

what do nephrons do?

A

they filter the blood

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11
Q

what are nephrons?

A

tiny structures that filter the blood

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12
Q

what are nephrons also known as?

A

kidney tubules/ renal tubules

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13
Q

where do the contents of the nephron drain into?

A

the renal pelvis

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14
Q

where does the urine collect?

A

in the renal pelvis

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15
Q

where does urine flow down into?

A

the ureter

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16
Q

where is urine stored?

A

in the bladder

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17
Q

what is the nephron made up of?

A

a kidney tubule which has several sections

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18
Q

what are the sections that make up the nephron?

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tube
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tube
  • collecting duct
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19
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a network of capillaries with a knotted section that sits inside the Bowman’s capsule

20
Q

where is the efferent arteriole?

A

at the exit of the glomerulus

21
Q

where is the afferent arteriole?

A

at the entrance of the glomerulus

22
Q

which arteriole has the larger diameter- the efferent or afferent?

A

the efferent arteriole- smaller
the afferent arteriole- larger

23
Q

what does the difference in sizes in the arterioles do?

A

creates a build up pressure in the capillaries

24
Q

what does the pressure in the glomerulus do?

A
  • forces small molecules such as urea, glucose, amino, acids and salts out of the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule
  • this forms the glomerular filtrate
25
Q

what are some examples of small molecules?

A

urea, glucose, amino acids and salts

26
Q

what are some examples of larger molecules?

A

proteins or red blood cells

27
Q

what happens to the large molecules?

A

they stay in the blood as they are too big to fit across the capillary walls

28
Q

what do the capillaries of the glomerulus have between the cells?

A

gaps

29
Q

what does the basement membrane do?

A

controls which molecules can pass into the Bowman’s Capsule

30
Q

how are the cells lining the PCT specialised for movement of molecules?

A
  • have a folded membrane- increase surface area
  • many mitochondria- provides ATP for active transport
31
Q

where does the glomerular filtrate travel to?

A

the PCT

32
Q

what happens to the useful materials in the glomerular filtrate?

A
  • the specialised cells in the walls of the PCT move the useful materials back into the bloodstream
  • initially, molecules will move by diffusion but some substances will undergo active transport
33
Q

what is all reabsorbed?

A
  • all of the glucose and amino acids
  • some salts
  • 80% of the water
34
Q

what is involved in reabsorbing water?

A

the Loop of Henle and collecting duct

35
Q

what does the Loop of Henle do?

A
  • concentrates the urine by transporting salt into the blood by active transport
  • this causes water to diffuse into the blood by osmosis
36
Q

the blood being filtered and key substances being absorbed back into the blood is carried out in what order?

A

1) ultrafiltration
2) selective reabsorption of glucose
3) reabsorption of water and salts

37
Q

where is water reabsorbed at?

A

loop of henle & collecting duct

38
Q

where are salts reabsorbed?

A

loop of henle

39
Q

where is glucose reabsorbed?

A

PCT

40
Q

where is urea reabsorbed?

A

it’s not reabsorbed

41
Q

what will your urine be like if you have lost a lot of water through sweating or dehydration?

A
  • concentration
  • lower volume of water
  • darker, browner colour
42
Q

what hormone does the collecting duct respond to?

A

ADH

43
Q

what does ADH do to the collecting duct?

A

makes it more or less permeable- varies how much water is reabsorbed

44
Q

why can the reabsorption of glucose not take place anywhere else in the nephron?

A

the gates that facilitate the active transport of glucose are only found in the PCT

45
Q

do people with diabetes have low or high blood pressures?

A

high blood glucose levels as they cannot control them

46
Q

high blood glucose levels means what for the glucose?

A
  • not all the glucose filtered out can be reabsorbed into the PCT
  • there is nowhere else for the glucose to be reabsorbed into- it ends up in the urine