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biology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

3.1 & 3.2

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1
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from eachother

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2
Q

what is reproduction?

A

the ability of living organisms to produce offspring

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3
Q

what type of offspring does sexual reproduction make?

A

genetically varied

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4
Q

when is sexual reproduction an advantage?

A

in a changing environment
when there is a threat of disease from pathogens

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5
Q

what are the gametes in humans?

A

sperm and ovum

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6
Q

what are the gametes in plants?

A

pollen nucleus and ovum

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7
Q

how do gametes differ from normal cells?

A

they only contain half the number of chromosomes

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8
Q

what type of nucleus do gametes have?

A

haploid nucleus

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9
Q

how many chromosomes does a gamete contain?

A

23ho

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10
Q

how many chromosomes does a normal body cell contain?

A

46

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11
Q

what is formed when the male and female gametes fuse?

A

a zygote

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12
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a fertilised egg cell

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13
Q

what type of nucleus does a zygote have?

A

a diploid nucleus

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14
Q

what 3 steps need to happen for a new plant to be produced by sexual reproduction?

A

pollination
fertilisation
germination

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15
Q

what are the sites of pollination and fertilisation in a plant?

A

its flowers

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16
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • increases genetic variation
  • can adapt to new environments due to its variation- giving it a survival advantage
  • disease is less likely to affect the whole population- due to variation
17
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes time and energy to find mates
  • difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce
18
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

the process resulting in genetically identical offspring being produced from one parent

19
Q

what does asexual reproduction not involve?

A

gametes or fertilisation

20
Q

why is there no fusion of gametes and no mixing of genetic information?

A

because only one parent is required

21
Q

what type of offspring does asexual reproduction produce?

A

genetically identical

22
Q

what are the offspring of asexual reproduction called?

A

clones

23
Q

why is asexual reproduction an advantage in a stable environment?

A

it allows parent plants with advantageous adaptations to produce offspring with the same beneficial characteristics

24
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

population can be increased rapidly when conditions are right
can exploit suitable environments quickly
more time and energy efficient
reproduction is completed much faster than sexual reproduction

25
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

limited genetic variation in population- offspring are genetically identical to their parents
population is vulnerable to changes in conditions and may only be suited for one habitat disease is likely to affect the whole population as there is no genetic variation

26
Q

what type of cell division is required in asexual reproduction?

A

mitosis

27
Q

what type of cell division is required in sexual reproduction?

A

meiosis

28
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

the fusion of gametes

29
Q

what propels the sperm?

A

the tail

30
Q

where is the male nucleus located in the sperm cell?

A

in the head

31
Q

where is the egg located?

A

the oviduct

32
Q

what is the site of fertilisation?

A

the oviduct

33
Q

what are 3 methods of asexual reproduction in plants?

A

runners
tubers
bulbs

34
Q

what are runners?

A

a new plant is produced where the runner touches the ground

35
Q

what are tubers?

A

swollen underground stems containing lots of stored food
one plant can produce many tubers which can each grow many shoots which form new plants

36
Q

what are bulbs?

A

underground buds with thick fleshy leaves containing stored food
a main shoot will grow out of the parent bulb and another will grow out of the side daughter bulb, forming two plants

37
Q

what is an artificial method to grow plants from?

A

cuttings

38
Q

what are cuttings?

A

a piece of a plant’s stem, with a few leaves attached, is cut from a healthy plant. this is planted in damp compost, where it will grow rots and develop into a new plant

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