restriction enzymes

Question 1

what is genetic modification?

Answer 1

changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting genes

Question 2

what are species that have been modified known as?

Answer 2

genetically modified organisms- GMO’s

Question 3

what can GMO’s also be called?

Answer 3

transgenic organisms

Question 4

what needs to happen before genetic modification can occur?

Answer 4

the section of DNA to be transferred has to be identified

Question 5

what happens once the gene has been identified?

Answer 5

it can be cut out of the DNA using enzymes called restriction enzymes

Question 6

what do restriction enzymes act as?

Answer 6

dna scissors

Question 7

what bonds do the restriction enzymes break?

Answer 7

the bonds in the DNNA backbone

Question 8

what happens when the DNA is cut?

Answer 8

there are exposed bases at the end of a strand without a pair

Question 9

what is created due to the exposed DNA bases at the site of the cuts?

Answer 9

sticky ends

Question 10

what can sticky ends do?

Answer 10

easily bind to other exposed bases that are complementary to their sequence due to complementary base pairing

Question 11

what is the bacterial plasmid cut with?

Answer 11

the same restriction enzyme

Question 12

why is using the same restriction enzyme important?

Answer 12

to ensure they have the same sticky end bases for complementary base pairing

Question 13

what happens once the plasmid has been cut?

Answer 13

take the prepared gene and insert it into the gene

Question 14

how do the bases of the section of DNA join?

Answer 14

by complementary base pairing

Question 15

what is the name of the enzyme that is used to stick the 2 pieces of DNA together?

Answer 15

DNA ligase

Question 16

what does DNA ligase act as?

Answer 16

DNA glue by helping to form chemical bonds between the fragments

Question 17

whst is the new DNA that has been produced called?

Answer 17

recombinant plasmid because it contains DNA from 2 species

Question 18

what is the recombinant plasmid then inserted into?

Answer 18

a bacterial cell, acting as a vector for the DNA

Question 19

WHAT DOES THE PLASMID ACT AS?

Answer 19

A VECTOR AS IT IS USED TO CARRY HUMAN DNA INTO THE CELL

Question 20

what happens once the bacteria has been successfully modified?

Answer 20

it is extracted and placed in nutrients that will allow it to reproduce asexually- making identical copies of itself, including the recombinant plasmid

Question 21

what happens to the insulin afterwards?

Answer 21

it can then be extracted from the bacteria and purified

Question 22

what can vectors be used for?

Answer 22

to carry the DNA of one organism into another

Question 23

what is another example of genetically modifing organisms?

Answer 23

cutting genes from human chromosomes and inserting them into the plasmid of a bacterium