cells Flashcards

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1
Q

all cells have what?

A

a cell membrane

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2
Q

cell membranes surround what?

A

the cytoplasm

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3
Q

plant cells contain what 3 things that animal cells dont?

A
  • chloroplasts
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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4
Q

function of the nucleus?

A
  • controls the activity in the cell
  • contains the chromosomes
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5
Q

function of the cell membrane?

A
  • selectively permeable- controls what substances enter and leave the cell
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6
Q

function of the cytoplasm?

A
  • jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur
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7
Q

function of the mitochondria?

A
  • carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration, producing ATP
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8
Q

function of ribosomes?

A
  • site of protein synthesis
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9
Q

function of chloroplasts?

A
  • absorb light energy and use it for photosynthesis, making biological molecules for plant cells
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10
Q

function of the cell wall?

A
  • made of cellulose
  • helps to keep plant cells in a fixed shape and keeps the plant upright
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11
Q

function of the vacuole?

A
  • filled with cell sap
  • stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances
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12
Q

what are organelles?

A

structures that carry out specific processes the cells need to survive

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13
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of similar cells which work together to carry out the same function

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14
Q

what are organs?

A

made up of several different tissues working together to carry out a more complex function

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15
Q

what are organ systems?

A

made up of several different organs working together to carry out a complex function essential to life

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16
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

cells that have the structures and proteins needed to carry out a specific job in the organism

17
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

to transport oxygen in the blood

18
Q

what are features of a red blood cell?

A
  • contains the protein haemoglobin- binds to and transports oxygen
  • no nucleus- more space for haemoglobin
  • biconcave shape- larger SA so oxygen can enter and leave the cell more rapidly
19
Q

what is the function of sperm cells?

A

to transport male genetic material to the egg cell

20
Q

what are features of a sperm cell?

A
  • flagellum to help it swim
  • contains many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming
  • 1/2 genetic DNA
21
Q

what is the function of a palisade cell?

A

to carry out photosynthesis

22
Q

what are the features of a palisade cell?

A
  • many chloroplasts- trap light energy for photosynthesis
  • tall & thin- cells can pack tightly together so more of the light reaching the leaf is absorbed
23
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

24
Q

what are carbohydrates used for?

A
  • broken down in respiration to release ATP
25
Q

what are the smallest units of carbohydrates?

A

simple sugars (e.g. glucose and fructose)

26
Q

what makes sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

27
Q

what is starch used for?

A

used to store glucose in plants

28
Q

what is glycogen used for?

A

used to store glucose in animals and fungi

29
Q

why are starch and glycogen better storage molecules?

A

they are less soluble than simple sugars and so they have less effect on water movement in and out of cells

30
Q

what are fats made out of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

31
Q

fats are what type of acid joined to what molecule?

A

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule

32
Q

what are the functions of fats?

A
  • energy storage
  • thermal insulation
  • buoyancy
33
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

34
Q

proteins are made of many …

A

amino acids joined together

35
Q

functions of proteins?

A
  • combating diseases- antibodies
  • transport e.g. haemoglobin and cell membrane proteins
36
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

biological catalysts

37
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

a chemical that increases the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction

38
Q

what is the lock & key theory?

A

1) the substrate and enzyme collide
2) the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
3) once the reaction has occurred, the products dont fit the active site’s shape