TABLE 02 - Physical and Chemical Methods Used to Control Microbial Growth

Question 1

Kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens and many viruses within 10 minutes (Physical methods)

Answer 1

Boiling or flowing steam

Question 2

Very effective method of sterilization; at about 15 psi of pressure (121°C), all vegetative cells and their endospores are killed in about 15 mins (Physical methods)

Answer 2

Autoclaving

Question 3

Heat treatment for milk that kills all pathogens and most non-pathogens (Physical methods)

Answer 3

Pasteurization

Question 4

Very effective method of sterilization; used for inoculating loops (Physical methods)

Answer 4

Direct flaming

Question 5

Very effective method of sterilization; used for disposal of contaminated dressings, animal carcasses, and paper (Physical methods)

Answer 5

Incineration

Question 6

Very effective method of sterilization but requires temperature of 170°C for about 2 hours; used for empty glassware (Physical methods)

Answer 6

Hot air sterilization

Question 7

Removal of microbes by passing of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material (Physical methods)

Answer 7

Filtration

Question 8

Has a bacteriostatic effect (Physical methods)

Answer 8

Refrigeration

Question 9

An effective method for preserving microbial cultures, foods, and drugs (Physical methods)

Answer 9

Deep-freezing

Question 10

Most effective method fo long-term preservation of microbial cultures, food, and drugs (Physical methods)

Answer 10

Lyophilization

Question 11

Preserves colors, flavors, nutrient values of fruit juices (Physical methods)

Answer 11

High pressure

Question 12

Involving removing water from microbes; primarily bacteriostatic (Physical methods)

Answer 12

Desiccation

Question 13

Results in loss of water from microbial cells (Physical methods)

Answer 13

Osmotic pressure

Question 14

Used for sterilizing pharmaceuticals and medical and dental supplies (Physical methods)

Answer 14

Ionizing radiation

Question 15

This radiation is not very penetrating (Physical methods)

Answer 15

Nonionizing radiation

Question 16

Rarely used, except as a standard of comparison because of its irritating qualities and disagreeable odor (Chemical methods)

Answer 16

Phenol

Question 17

Environmental surfaces, instruments, skin surfaces, and mucous membranes (Chemical methods)

Answer 17

Phenolics

Question 18

Disinfectant hand soaps and skin lotions (Chemical methods)

Answer 18

Bisphenols

Question 19

Skin disinfection, especially for surgical hand scubbing (Chemical methods)

Answer 19

Biguanides

Question 20

Plant essential oils; used in foods and disinfecting hard surfaces (Chemical methods)

Answer 20

Terpenes

Question 21

Examples include iodine, chlorine gas, and chlorine (Chemical methods)

Answer 21

Halogens

Question 22

Bactericidal and fungicidal, but not effective against endospores or nonenveloped viruses (Chemical methods)

Answer 22

Alcohols

Question 23

May be used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (Chemical methods)

Answer 23

Heavy metals and their compounds

Question 24

Skin degerming and removal of debris (Chemical methods)

Answer 24

Soaps and detergents

Question 25

Sanitizers in dairy and food-processing industries (Chemical methods)

Answer 25

Acid-anionic sanitizers

Question 26

Antiseptic for skin and use on instruments, utensils, and rubber goods (Chemical methods)

Answer 26

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 27

Control mold and bacterial growth in foods and cosmetics (Chemical methods)

Answer 27

Organic acids

Question 28

Used in meat products such as ham, bacon, hotdogs, and sausage (Chemical methods)

Answer 28

Nitrates

Question 29

Includes glutaraldehyde, which is less irritating than formaldehyde and is used for disinfecting medical equipment (Chemical methods)

Answer 29

Aldehydes

Question 30

Mainly for sterilization of materials that would be damaged by heat (Chemical methods)

Answer 30

Ethylene oxide

Question 31

Especially useful for tubular medical instruments (Chemical methods)

Answer 31

Plasma sterilization

Question 32

Especially useful for sterilizing organic medical implants (Chemical methods)

Answer 32

Supercritical fluids

Question 33

Contaminated water and surfaces; in which they are very effective against oxygen-sensitive anaerobes (Chemical methods)

Answer 33

Peroxygens