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CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) > PRELIM 03 - Microbial Genetics and Biotechnology > Flashcards

PRELIM 03 - Microbial Genetics and Biotechnology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

The inherited genetic material inside each cell

A

DNA/Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

A

RNA/Ribonucleic acid

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4
Q

A segment of a DNA molecule that determines the traits and control protein synthesis

A

Gene

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5
Q

Total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

A

Genome

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6
Q

The science of heredity

A

Genetics

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7
Q

The sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

A

Genomics

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8
Q

DNA and chromosomes contain genes and noncoding regions called __________

A

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

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9
Q

Refers to the genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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10
Q

Refers to the manifestation of a genotype

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

Process of synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

A

Transcription

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12
Q

Process of protein synthesis; decoding the language of nucleic acids and converting it into the language of proteins

A

Translation

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13
Q

A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

A

Codon

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14
Q

Codons that code for amino acids

A

Sense codons

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15
Q

Codons that do not code for amino acids

A

Nonsense codons

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16
Q

Multiple codons encode for the same amino acid (Type of genetic code)

A

Degenerate

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17
Q

A single amino acid is indicated for each codon (Type of genetic code)

A

Unambiguous

18
Q

Reading of the genetic code during translation does not involve overlap of codons (Type of genetic code)

A

Nonoverlapping

19
Q

There is no punctuation between codons and reading is continuous until a stop codon (Type of genetic code)

A

Not punctuated

20
Q

Used by all organisms with some exceptions (Type of genetic code)

A

Universal

21
Q

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

A

Mutation

22
Q

Type of mutation where a single nucleotide/base at point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different nucleotide/base

A

Point mutation

23
Q

Type of mutation where one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA

A

Frameshift mutation

24
Q

Type of frameshift mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are lost from a DNA molecule

A

Deletion mutation

25
Q

Type of frameshift mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA molecule

A

Insertion mutation

26
Q

The exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

A

Genetic recombination

27
Q

2 cells involved in genetic recombination

A

Donor cell, Recipient cell

28
Q

Self-replicating, gene-contaning, circular pieces of DNA about 1-5% the size of the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmid

29
Q

Factor that carries genes for sex pili

A

F factor

30
Q

Factor involved in antibiotic resistance

A

Resistance (R) factor

31
Q

Are jumping genes; small segments of DNA that can be “transposed” from one region of a DNA molecule to another

A

Transposons

32
Q

3 types of genetic transfer in bacteria

A

Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction

33
Q

Genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in solution (Type of genetic transfer in bacteria)

A

Transformation

34
Q

Done through sex pili; requires cell to cell contact (Type of genetic transfer in bacteria)

A

Conjugation

35
Q

Bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a bacteriophage (Type of genetic transfer in bacteria)

A

Transduction

36
Q

A type of virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage/Phage

37
Q

3 flows of genetic information

A

Expression, Recombination, Replication

38
Q

Genetic information is used within the cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function (Flow of genetic information)

A

Expression

39
Q

Genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation (Flow of genetic information)

A

Recombination

40
Q

Genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells (Flow of genetic information)

A

Replication

41
Q

Process where one “parental” double-stranded DNA molecule is converted into two identical offspring molecules

A

DNA replication

42
Q

2 ways to change genetic materials

A

Mutation, Recombination

CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) (18 decks)

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