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CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) > PRELIM 04 - Immunology > Flashcards

PRELIM 04 - Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products and to protect against environmental agents

A

Immunity

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2
Q

Refers to a lack of immunity

A

Susceptibility

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3
Q

Response generated against a potential pathogen

A

Immune response

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4
Q

Immediate, nonspecific, lacks immunologic memory, and is the first line of defense (Type of immunity)

A

Innate immunity

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5
Q

Responds rapidly to 2nd exposure, specific, has immunologic memory, and is the second line of defense (Type of immunity)

A

Adaptive immunity

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6
Q

Are cells that includes granulocytes and monocytes

A

Phagocytes

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7
Q

Ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell

A

Phagocytosis

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8
Q

System that includes the population of cells that descend from monocytes

A

Reticuloendothelial system

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9
Q

Are cells that are residents in certain tissues and organs of the body

A

Fixed macrophages

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10
Q

Are cells that roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection/inflammation

A

Free macrophages

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11
Q

A system consisting of a fluid, vessels, and structures and organs containing lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphatic system

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12
Q

Lymphatic organs where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

A

Primary lymphatic organs

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13
Q

Lymphatic organs where most immune responses occur

A

Secondary lymphatic organs

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14
Q

An organ that is a site of activation of T and B cells

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

System that consists of >30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood and within tissues

A

Complement system

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16
Q

3 pathways of the complement system that all end in the activation of C3

A

Classical, Alternative, Lectin

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17
Q

A non-specific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage

A

Inflammation

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18
Q

5 cardinal sign and symptoms of inflammation

A

Redness, Heat, Pain, Swelling, Loss of function

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19
Q

Inflammation that develops rapidly and last for a few days or weeks

A

Acute inflammation

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20
Q

Inflammation that develop slowly and last up to several months or years

A

Chronic inflammation

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21
Q

Abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat

A

Fever

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22
Q

A symptom that intensifies the effect of interferons and may help tissue repair

A

Fever

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23
Q

A family of cytokines that inhibit viral replication

A

Interferons

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24
Q

3 types of interferons

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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25
Q

Type of immunity that has the ability to differentiate between normal “self” cells and “nonself”

A

Adaptive immunity

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26
Q

The process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

A

Clonal selection

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27
Q

2 types of clonal cells

A

Effector, Memory

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28
Q

Type of clonal cells that destroys or inactivates the antigen

A

Effector cells

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29
Q

Type of clonal cells that rapidly responds to the antigen during 2nd exposure by rapid clonal selection

A

Memory cells

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30
Q

A substance recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses

A

Antigen (Ag)

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31
Q

A protein produced in response to an antigen

A

Antibody (Ab)

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32
Q

The ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both

A

Immunogenicity

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33
Q

The ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked

A

Reactivity

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34
Q

Part of the antigen that triggers immune responses and reacts with antibodies

A

Epitope/Antigenic determinant

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35
Q

LMW compounds that are antigenic when attached to a carrier molecule; has reactivity but no immunogenicity

A

Haptens

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36
Q

Are self antigens; help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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37
Q

Other name for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

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38
Q

2 types of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

A

MHC-I, MHC-II

39
Q

Type of MHC antigen present in all body cells except red blood cells

A

MHC-I

40
Q

Type of MHC antigen present in antigen-presenting cells

A

MHC-II

41
Q

3 steps in cell-mediated immunity

A

Processing of antigens, Activation of T cells, Elimination of antigen

42
Q

Are antigens present in fluids outside body cells

A

Exogenous antigens

43
Q

Are antigens present inside body cells

A

Endogenous antigens

44
Q

A subset of helper T cells; combat autoimmune reactions by suppressing T cells that do not distinguish between self and others

A

Regulatory T cell

45
Q

Refers to the immune system’s recognition of tumor antigens on cancer cells

A

Immunological surveillance

46
Q

Other name of antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins

47
Q

Antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins called __________

A

Globulins

48
Q

2 regions of antibodies

A

Variable (V) regions, Constant (C) regions

49
Q

Region of antibodies that contain the antigen-binding site

A

Variable (V) regions

50
Q

Region of antibodies that is the same in immunoglobulins of the same class

A

Constant (C) regions

51
Q

2 types of fragment domain in antibodies

A

Fragment antigen-binding domain, Fragment crystallizable domain

52
Q

Fragment domain that recognizes the antigen

A

Fragment antigen-binding domain

53
Q

Fragment that binds to cell surface receptors

A

Fragment crystallizable domain

54
Q

This is due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during clonal selection; basis for vaccines

A

Immunologic memory

55
Q

The amount of antibody in serum

A

Antibody titer

56
Q

After an initial contact with an antigen, a slow rise in the antibody titer occurs (Type of response)

A

Primary response

57
Q

After subsequent encounters, the antibody titer is far greater than during a primary response (Type of response)

A

Secondary response

58
Q

Following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B and T cells lead to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

59
Q

IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

60
Q

Antigens introduced during vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

61
Q

Intravenous injection of immunoglobulins (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

62
Q

A suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity

A

Vaccines

63
Q

Deliberately inoculated people with cowpox to prevent smallpox in 1798

A

Edward Jenner

64
Q

Coined the term vaccination (from L. vacca, meaning cow)

A

Louis Pasteur

65
Q

Results when most of a population is immune to a disease

A

Herd immunity

66
Q

Living pathogen with reduced virulence (Type of vaccine)

A

Live attenuated vaccine

67
Q

Do not replicate; induce humoral immunity (Type of vaccine)

A

Inactivated vaccine

68
Q

Contain whole microbes that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol (Type of vaccine)

A

Inactivated killed vaccine

69
Q

Contain selected antigenic fragments (Type of vaccine)

A

Subunit vaccine

70
Q

Contain inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen (Type of vaccine)

A

Toxoid vaccine

71
Q

Contain molecules in a pathogen’s capsule (Type of vaccine)

A

Polysaccharide vaccine

72
Q

Contain polysaccharides combined with proteins (Type of vaccine)

A

Conjugated vaccine

73
Q

Contain DNA or mRNA that encodes for antigenic proteins (Type of vaccine)

A

Nucleic acid vaccine

74
Q

Uses a nonpathogenic viral vector to deliver genetic material that encodes for antigenic proteins (Type of vaccine)

A

Viral vector vaccine

75
Q

Contains viral proteins that mimic viral structure without genetic material (Type of vaccine)

A

Virus-like particles

76
Q

Involves the reaction of soluble antigens with IgG or IgM antibodies (Type of reaction)

A

Precipitation reaction

77
Q

Involve either particulate antigens or soluble antigens adhering to particles (Type of reaction)

A

Agglutination reaction

78
Q

The presence of antibodies against a virus can be detected by the antibodies’ ability to prevent cytopathic effects of viruses in cell cultures (Type of reaction)

A

Neutralization reaction

79
Q

The most widely used of a group of tests known as enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

80
Q

2 methods of ELISA

A

Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA

81
Q

ELISA method that detects antigens

A

Direct ELISA

82
Q

ELISA method that detects antibodies

A

Indirect ELISA

83
Q

An antigenic response that results in undesirable effects

A

Hypersensitivity

84
Q

A type of disease where the immune system acts in response to self-antigens and causes damage to one’s own organs

A

Autoimmune diseases

85
Q

For T cells to function properly, they must have __________ and __________

A

Self-recognition, Self-tolerance

86
Q

Process where T cells that will target host cells are eliminated by clonal deletion in the thymus

A

Thymic selection

87
Q

This condition can be congenital or acquired

A

Immunodeficiency

88
Q

Involves the replacement of an injured or diseased organ with an organ donated by another individual

A

Organ transplant

89
Q

The transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another, or from one person to another, without the transfer of the blood supply of the grafted tissue

A

Graft

90
Q

3 types of grafts

A

Autograft, Isograft, Allograft

91
Q

The recognition of transplanted organ as foreign and cell-generation of cell mediated and antibody-mediated immune response against it

A

Graft rejection

92
Q

The tissue compatibility between the donor and the recipient

A

Histocompatibility

93
Q

Is done to reduce the risk of graft rejection

A

Tissue typing

CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) (18 decks)

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