PRELIM 04 - Immunology Flashcards by Juan Carlos Cornelio

The ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products and to protect against environmental agents

Immunity

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Refers to a lack of immunity

Susceptibility

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Response generated against a potential pathogen

Immune response

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Immediate, nonspecific, lacks immunologic memory, and is the first line of defense (Type of immunity)

Innate immunity

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Responds rapidly to 2nd exposure, specific, has immunologic memory, and is the second line of defense (Type of immunity)

Adaptive immunity

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Are cells that includes granulocytes and monocytes

Phagocytes

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Ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell

Phagocytosis

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System that includes the population of cells that descend from monocytes

Reticuloendothelial system

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Are cells that are residents in certain tissues and organs of the body

Fixed macrophages

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Are cells that roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection/inflammation

Free macrophages

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A system consisting of a fluid, vessels, and structures and organs containing lymphoid tissue

Lymphatic system

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Lymphatic organs where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

Primary lymphatic organs

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Lymphatic organs where most immune responses occur

Secondary lymphatic organs

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An organ that is a site of activation of T and B cells

Lymph nodes

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System that consists of >30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood and within tissues

Complement system

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3 pathways of the complement system that all end in the activation of C3

Classical, Alternative, Lectin

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A non-specific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage

Inflammation

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5 cardinal sign and symptoms of inflammation

Redness, Heat, Pain, Swelling, Loss of function

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Inflammation that develops rapidly and last for a few days or weeks

Acute inflammation

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Inflammation that develop slowly and last up to several months or years

Chronic inflammation

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Abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat

Fever

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A symptom that intensifies the effect of interferons and may help tissue repair

Fever

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A family of cytokines that inhibit viral replication

Interferons

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3 types of interferons

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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Type of immunity that has the ability to differentiate between normal "self" cells and "nonself"

Adaptive immunity

The process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

Clonal selection

2 types of clonal cells

Effector, Memory

Type of clonal cells that destroys or inactivates the antigen

Effector cells

Type of clonal cells that rapidly responds to the antigen during 2nd exposure by rapid clonal selection

Memory cells

A substance recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses

Antigen (Ag)

A protein produced in response to an antigen

Antibody (Ab)

The ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both

Immunogenicity

The ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked

Reactivity

Part of the antigen that triggers immune responses and reacts with antibodies

Epitope/Antigenic determinant

LMW compounds that are antigenic when attached to a carrier molecule; has reactivity but no immunogenicity

Haptens

Are self antigens; help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Other name for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

2 types of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

MHC-I, MHC-II

Type of MHC antigen present in all body cells except red blood cells

MHC-I

Type of MHC antigen present in antigen-presenting cells

MHC-II

3 steps in cell-mediated immunity

Processing of antigens, Activation of T cells, Elimination of antigen

Are antigens present in fluids outside body cells

Exogenous antigens

Are antigens present inside body cells

Endogenous antigens

A subset of helper T cells; combat autoimmune reactions by suppressing T cells that do not distinguish between self and others

Regulatory T cell

Refers to the immune system's recognition of tumor antigens on cancer cells

Immunological surveillance

Other name of antibodies

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins called __________

Globulins

2 regions of antibodies

Variable (V) regions, Constant (C) regions

Region of antibodies that contain the antigen-binding site

Variable (V) regions

Region of antibodies that is the same in immunoglobulins of the same class

Constant (C) regions

2 types of fragment domain in antibodies

Fragment antigen-binding domain, Fragment crystallizable domain

Fragment domain that recognizes the antigen

Fragment antigen-binding domain

Fragment that binds to cell surface receptors

Fragment crystallizable domain

This is due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during clonal selection; basis for vaccines

Immunologic memory

The amount of antibody in serum

Antibody titer

After an initial contact with an antigen, a slow rise in the antibody titer occurs (Type of response)

Primary response

After subsequent encounters, the antibody titer is far greater than during a primary response (Type of response)

Secondary response

Following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B and T cells lead to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

Naturally acquired active immunity

IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Antigens introduced during vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

Artificially acquired active immunity

Intravenous injection of immunoglobulins (Ways to acquire adaptive immunity)

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity

Vaccines

Deliberately inoculated people with cowpox to prevent smallpox in 1798

Edward Jenner

Coined the term vaccination (from L. vacca, meaning cow)

Louis Pasteur

Results when most of a population is immune to a disease

Herd immunity

Living pathogen with reduced virulence (Type of vaccine)

Live attenuated vaccine

Do not replicate; induce humoral immunity (Type of vaccine)

Inactivated vaccine

Contain whole microbes that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol (Type of vaccine)

Inactivated killed vaccine

Contain selected antigenic fragments (Type of vaccine)

Subunit vaccine

Contain inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen (Type of vaccine)

Toxoid vaccine

Contain molecules in a pathogen's capsule (Type of vaccine)

Polysaccharide vaccine

Contain polysaccharides combined with proteins (Type of vaccine)

Conjugated vaccine

Contain DNA or mRNA that encodes for antigenic proteins (Type of vaccine)

Nucleic acid vaccine

Uses a nonpathogenic viral vector to deliver genetic material that encodes for antigenic proteins (Type of vaccine)

Viral vector vaccine

Contains viral proteins that mimic viral structure without genetic material (Type of vaccine)

Virus-like particles

Involves the reaction of soluble antigens with IgG or IgM antibodies (Type of reaction)

Precipitation reaction

Involve either particulate antigens or soluble antigens adhering to particles (Type of reaction)

Agglutination reaction

The presence of antibodies against a virus can be detected by the antibodies' ability to prevent cytopathic effects of viruses in cell cultures (Type of reaction)

Neutralization reaction

The most widely used of a group of tests known as enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

2 methods of ELISA

Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA

ELISA method that detects antigens

Direct ELISA

ELISA method that detects antibodies

Indirect ELISA

An antigenic response that results in undesirable effects

Hypersensitivity

A type of disease where the immune system acts in response to self-antigens and causes damage to one's own organs

Autoimmune diseases

For T cells to function properly, they must have __________ and __________

Self-recognition, Self-tolerance

Process where T cells that will target host cells are eliminated by clonal deletion in the thymus

Thymic selection

This condition can be congenital or acquired

Immunodeficiency

Involves the replacement of an injured or diseased organ with an organ donated by another individual

Organ transplant

The transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another, or from one person to another, without the transfer of the blood supply of the grafted tissue

Graft

3 types of grafts

Autograft, Isograft, Allograft

The recognition of transplanted organ as foreign and cell-generation of cell mediated and antibody-mediated immune response against it

Graft rejection

The tissue compatibility between the donor and the recipient

Histocompatibility

Is done to reduce the risk of graft rejection

Tissue typing

Latin/medical term for redness

Rubor

Latin/medical term for heat

Calor

Latin/medical term for pain

Dolor

Latin/medical term for swelling

Tumor

Latin/medical term for loss of function

Functio laesa