FINAL 05 - HIV and Oncogenic Viruses Flashcards
A virus that is transmitted sexually, parenterally, and vertically; originated from cross-species infections by simian viruses in rural Africa
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
HIV is from the genus __________, a member of the family Retroviridae
Lentivirus
HIV is from the genus Lentivirus, a member of the family __________
Retroviridae
2 subtypes of HIV
HIV-1, HIV-2
Target host cell of HIV
CD4+ cells
Attachment protein (HIV virulence factors)
gp120
Fusion protein (HIV virulence factors)
gp41
Converts RNA to DNA (HIV virulence factors)
Reverse transcriptase
Incorporates viral DNA to host DNA (HIV virulence factors)
Integrase
Cleave the viral gag and gag-pol polypeptide precursors to form the mature virion (HIV virulence factors)
Protease
Phase 1 of HIV
Acute HIV infection
Phase 2 of HIV
Clinical latency
Phase 3 of HIV
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Occurs 2-4 weeks after exposure; characterized by flu-like symptoms and lymphadenopathy (Phases of HIV)
Phase 1 (Acute HIV infection)
In phase 1 (Acute HIV infection), laboratory tests show __________ CD4+ cells/µL
≥500
Refers to asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic HIV infection; CD4+ declines and virus increases (Phases of HIV)
Phase 2 (Clinical latency)
In phase 2 (Clinical latency), laboratory tests show __________ CD4+ cells/µL
200-499
Presence of at least 1 AIDS-defining condition (Phases of HIV)
Stage 3 (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS])
In phase 3 (AIDS), laboratory tests show __________ CD4+ cells/µL
<200
Used as screening test for HIV
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Used as confirmatory test for HIV
Western blot
Prevention for HIV
ABC approach (Abstinence, Be faithful, Condom use)
Treatment for HIV
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
A multistep process that usually develop slowly; involves activation of multiple cellular oncogenes
Carcinogenesis
Viruses can cause ___________
Cancer
__________ are viruses that establish persistent infections
Tumor viruses
__________ are factors that are important determinants of virus tumorigenesis
Host factors
Introduction of transforming genes; highly oncogenic (Types of viruses as carcinogens)
Direct-acting
Alteration of the expression of pre-existing cellular genes; weakly oncogenic (Types of viruses as carcinogens)
Indirect-acting
Genes that require only 1 allele to be mutated; occurs only in somatic cells (cannot be inherited); caused by RNA viruses
Oncogenes
Genes that require both alleles to be mutated; occurs in somatic and germ cells (can be inherited); caused by DNA viruses
Tumor suppressor genes
Papillomaviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
DNA
Polyomaviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
DNA
Adenoviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
DNA
Herpesviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
DNA
Hepadnaviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
DNA
Poxviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
DNA
Retroviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
RNA
Flaviviridae (DNA or RNA oncogenic virus)
RNA
A virus that is a member of Papillomaviridae (formerly Papovaviridae); transmitted through direct contact
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Patient is placed in lithotomy position; cells are scraped from the cervix (HPV diagnosis)
Papanicolau (Pap) smear
In Pap smear, the presence of vacuolated or inclusion-bearing cells called __________ are tested
Koilocytes
For ___________ to __________ y/o, Pap testing every 3 years w/o HPV DNA testing is recommended
21-29 y/o
For 21-29 y/o, Pap testing every __________ years w/o HPV DNA testing is recommended
3 years
Treatment for HPV skin warts
Freezing (Liquid nitrogen)
Treatment for HPV cervical dysplasia (genital warts)
Laser treatment
3 preventions for HPV (CCG)
Condom, Cervarix, Gardasil
HPV vaccines are given for __________ to __________ year old children
11-12 year old
HPV vaccines can be given to children as early as __________ years old
9 years old
