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CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) > PRELIM 05 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

PRELIM 05 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Studies the cause of disease

A

Etiology

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2
Q

The scientific study of disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

The manner in which disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

Refers to the disease-causing microorganism

A

Pathogen

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5
Q

Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

A

Infection

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6
Q

Any change from a state of health due to infection

A

Disease

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7
Q

Subjective changes not apparent to an observer

A

Symptoms

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8
Q

Objective changes the physician can observe and measure

A

Signs

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9
Q

A specific group of symptoms or signs that may always accompany a particular disease

A

Syndrome

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10
Q

Microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence but that do not produce disease under normal conditions

A

Normal microbiota

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11
Q

Ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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12
Q

Scientist that demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis was always present in the blood of animals that had the disease (anthrax) and not in healthy animals; he did the same for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

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13
Q

Other name for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Koch’s bacillus

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14
Q

Type of disease that spreads from one host to another

A

Communicable disease

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15
Q

Type of disease that is easily communicable

A

Contagious disease

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16
Q

Type of disease that does not spread from one host to another

A

Noncommunicable disease

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17
Q

Disease that is occasional and irregular occurence

A

Sporadic

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18
Q

Disease that is constantly present in a population

A

Endemic

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19
Q

Disease that is persistent and has high levels of occurence

A

Hyperendemic

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20
Q

An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents

A

Pandemic

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20
Q

An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected

A

Epidemic

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21
Q

Disease where the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease

A

Latent disease

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22
Q

Disease that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time

A

Acute disease

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23
Q

Disease that is an intermediate between acute and chronic

A

Subacute disease

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24
Q

Disease that develops more slowly, may be less severe, but likely to continue or recur for long periods

A

Chronic disease

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25
Q

Infection where the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small body area

A

Local infection

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26
Q

Infection where the agents of local infection enter a blood/lymphatic vessel and spread to other body parts, where they are confined to specific areas

A

Focal infection

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27
Q

Infection where microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood/lymph

A

Systemic infection

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28
Q

Systemic infection from the multiplication of pathogens or spread of toxins in the blood

A

Septicemia/Blood poisoning

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29
Q

3 types of septicemia

A

Bacteremia, Toxemia, Viremia

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30
Q

Toxic inflammatory reaction to septicemia that can lead to tissue damage and death

A

Sepsis

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31
Q

Infection which is a result of the pathogen’s presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence

A

Primary infection

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32
Q

Infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen in a host with depressed resistance or if they have unusual access to the inside of the body

A

Secondary/Opportunistic infection

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33
Q

Infection where there is no noticeable illness

A

Subclinical infection

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34
Q

5 stages of development of disease

A

Incubation period, Prodromal period, Period of illness, Period of decline, Period of convalescence

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35
Q

Interval between initial infection and first appearance of any signs or symptoms (Stages of development of disease)

A

Incubation period

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36
Q

Relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases (Stages of development of disease)

A

Prodromal period

37
Q

Most severe; overt signs and symptoms (Stages of development of disease)

A

Period of illness

38
Q

Signs and symptoms subside; vulnerable to secondary infections (Stages of development of disease)

A

Period of decline

39
Q

Body returns to pre-diseased state (Stages of development of disease)

A

Period of convalescence

40
Q

Refers to continual sources of pathogen; provides pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication

A

Reservoirs of infection

41
Q

3 types of reservoirs of infection

A

Human, Animal, Nonliving

42
Q

Transmission through physical contact (Type of contact transmission)

A

Direct contact

43
Q

Transmission through an intermediate nonliving object, known as a fomite (Type of contact transmission)

A

Indirect contact

44
Q

Transmission through droplet nuclei that travel only short distances (Type of contact transmission)

A

Droplet transmission

45
Q

Transmission through spread by contaminated water (Type of vehicle transmission)

A

Waterborne transmission

46
Q

Transmission through contaminated food (Type of vehicle transmission)

A

Foodborne transmission

47
Q

Transmission through droplet nuclei that travel long distances (Type of vehicle transmission)

A

Airborne transmission

48
Q

Transmission through passive transport (Type of vector transmission)

A

Mechanical transmission

49
Q

Transmission where pathogen reproduces in the vector; part of life cycle in the vector (Type of vector transmission)

A

Biological transmission

50
Q

Infections acquired while receiving treatment in healthcare settings

A

Healthcare-associated infections

51
Q

Refers to hospital-acquired infections

A

Nosocomial infections

52
Q

Is the leading cause of HAIs

A

Clostridium difficile

53
Q

Host whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

A

Compromised host

54
Q

Are precautions employed to reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and residential settings

A

Universal precautions

55
Q

Precautions that are basic, minimum practices designed to prevent transmission of pathogens from one person to another

A

Standard precautions

56
Q

Precautions that are procedures designed to supplement standard precautions in individuals with known or suspected infections that are highly transmissible

A

Transmission-based precautions

57
Q

Is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection

A

Handwashing

58
Q

Refers to diseases that are new or changing, and shows an increase in incidence in the recent past

A

Emerging infectious diseases

59
Q

The use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidation

A

Bioterrorism

60
Q

The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

A

Epidemiology

61
Q

A British physician who is the father of modern epidemiology and conducted a series of investigations related to outbreaks of cholera in London

A

John Snow

62
Q

He recorded the number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna General Hospital from 1846 and 1848

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

63
Q

A nosocomial infection that begins in the uterus as a result of childbirth or abortion

A

Puerperal sepsis/Childbirth fever

64
Q

Puerperal sepsis is frequently caused by __________

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

65
Q

3 types of epidemiologic investigations

A

Descriptive epidemiology, Analytical epidemiology, Experimental epidemiology

66
Q

Collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study (Type of epidemiologic investigations)

A

Descriptive epidemiology

67
Q

Analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause (Type of epidemiologic investigations)

A

Analytical epidemiology

68
Q

2 types of analytical epidemiology

A

Case control method (Retrospective), Cohort method (Prospective)

69
Q

A group of people with the disease is compared to a group of people without the disease in terms of how many are exposed to the agent (Type of analytical epidemiology)

A

Case control method (Retrospective)

70
Q

A cohort group with exposure to the agent is compared to a cohort group without exposure to the agent in terms of how many develop the disease (Type of analytical epidemiology)

A

Cohort method (Prospective)

71
Q

Begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease (Type of epidemiologic investigations)

A

Experimental epidemiology

72
Q

Testing on humans is called a __________

A

Clinical trial

73
Q

Clinical trials include a __________ and __________

A

Test group, Control group

74
Q

The number of causes of a specific disease

A

Morbidity

75
Q

The number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population

A

Morbidity rate

76
Q

The number of deaths from these diseases

A

Mortality

77
Q

The number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population

A

Mortality rate

78
Q

The number of people in a population who develop the disease during a particular time period

A

Incidence

79
Q

The number of people in a population who have the disease at a specified time, regardless of when it was first appeared

A

Prevalence

80
Q

Prevention of overgrowth of harmful microorganisms by normal microbiota

A

Microbial antagonism/Competitive exclusion

81
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

Mutalism, Commensalism, Parasitism

82
Q

Vitamin produced by E. coli

A

Vitamin K

83
Q

Diseases that occur primarily in animals and can be transmitted to humans

A

Zoonoses/Zoonotic disease

84
Q

Promoted the practice of handwashing to prevent puerperal fever

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

85
Q

22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0-1 per year) (Occurrence of disease)

A

Epidemic

86
Q

Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB pero 100,000 population in one area, compared with the national average of 134 cases pero 100,000 population (Occurrence of disease)

A

Hyperendemic

87
Q

Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919 (Occurrence of disease)

A

Pandemic

88
Q

A single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community (Occurrence of disease)

A

Sporadic

89
Q

About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average (Occurrence of disease)

A

Endemic

90
Q

1 case of smallpox appeared (Occurrence of disease)

A

Epidemic

CCP 5 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (Lec) (39 decks)

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