MIDTERM 06 - Spirochetes Flashcards
Are a large, heterogenous group of long, slender, helically coiled, spiral, or corkscrew-shaped bacilli
Spirochetes
Are flagella-like organelles in the periplasmic space encased by the outer membrane; present in spirochetes
Axial filaments/Endoflagella
Spirochetes reproduce by __________
Transverse fission
Are motile, rotating steadily around their endoflagella even attaching to cells by their tapered ends; viewed by darkfield microscopy (Examples of spirochetes)
Treponema pallidum
Characterized by a primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stage (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)
Acquired syphilis
Characterized by a hard chancre; always heals; occurs 2-10 weeks after infection (Stages of acquired syphilis)
Primary
An ulcer with a clean, hard base; present in the primary stage of acquired syphilis
Hard chancre
Characterized by a red maculopapular rash and condyloma lata; subsides spontaneously; occurs 2-10 weeks later (Stages of acquired syphilis)
Secondary
Are moist, pale papules in the anogenital region, axillae, and mouth; present in the secondary stage of acquired syphilis
Condyloma lata
Can occur up to 10 years (Stages of acquired syphilis)
Latent
Characterized by gummas, neurosyphilis, aortic aneurysm, and aortic valve insufficiency (Stages of acquired syphilis)
Tertiary
Are granulomatous lesions in the skin, bones, and liver; present in the tertiary stage of acquired syphilis
Gummas
Characterized by degenerative changes in the central nervous system; present in the tertiary stage of acquire syphilis
Neurosyphilis
Occurs as an intrauterine infection; can lead to miscarriage and stillbirth (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)
Congenital syphilis
Characterized by a combination of these three symptoms: Hutchinson’s teeth, interstitial keratitis, and CN VII deafness; present in congenital syphilis
Hutchinson’s triad
2 tests used for diagnosis of Treponema pallidum (NT)
Nontreponemal, Treponemal
A screening test; measures antibodies to cardiolipin (released by damaged cells) (Tests for Treponema pallidum)
Nontreponemal tests
2 examples of nontreponemal tests (RT)
RPR, TRUST
Confirmatory test; measures antibodies against Treponema pallidum antigens (Tests for Treponema pallidum)
Treponemal tests
2 examples of treponemal tests (TF)
TP-PA, FTA-ABS
Treatment/Drug of choice for Treponema pallidum
Penicillin G
Reaction in response to lipoproteins released by dying Treponema pallidum organisms; characterized by fever, chills, and myalgia
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Caused by T. pallidum ssp. endemicum; transmitted through shared utensils and is characterized by oral lesions, oral papules, and gummas of skin, bones, and nasopharynx (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)
Bejel/Endemic syphilis
Caused by T. pallidum ssp. pertunuae; transmitted through direct contact and is characterized by ulcerating papules and destructive lesions (Clinical findings of Treponema pallidum)
Yaws
Transmitted through human body louse; causes relapsing fever (Borrelia species)
Borrelia recurrentis
Due to antigenic variation; characterized by sudden onset fever with chills and an abrupt rise of temperature (Clinical findings of Borrelia recurrentis)
Relapsing fever
Transmitted through Ixodes tick; causes Lyme disease (Borrelia species)
Borrelia burgdorferi
Disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi; has 3 stages (Clinical findings of Borrelia burgdorferi)
Lyme disease
Characterized by erythema migrans and flu-like symptoms (Stages of Lyme disease)
Stage 1
Is a flat, reddened area which slowly expands with central clearing; present in the stage 1 of Lyme disease
Erythema migrans
Characterized by arthralgia, arthritis, meningitis, facial nerve palsy, and cardiac disease (Stages of Lyme disease)
Stage 2
Characterized by chronic skin, nervous system, or joint involvement (Stages of Lyme disease)
Stage 3
Tightly coiled, thin, flexible motile spirochetes, with very fine spirals, one end is often bent, forming a hook; viewed by darkfield microscopy (Examples of spirochetes)
Leptospira interrogans
Is biphasic and self-limiting; characterized by an acute/septicemic phase and immune phase (Clinical findings of Leptospirosis)
Anicteric leptospirosis
Characterized by leptospiremia, flu-like, headache, cough, non-pruritic rash, fever, rigors, muscle pain, anorexia, and diarrhea (Phases of anicteric leptospirosis)
Acute/septicemic phase
Characterized by leptospiruria, aseptic meningitis, and increased IgM (Phases of anicteric leptospirosis)
Immune phase
Characterized by a triad of hemorrhage, jaundice, and acute kidney injury (Clinical findings of Leptospira interrogans)
Icteric leptospirosis/Weil syndrome
3 treatments for Leptospira interrogans (DAA)
Doxycycline, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted through __________
Ixodes tick
Disease named after Lyme, Connecticut where cases first appeared in 1975 (Clinical findings of Borrelia burgdorferi)
Lyme disease
Leptospirosis that has no presence of jaundice
Anicteric leptospirosis
Leptospirosis that has presence of jaundice
Icteric leptospirosis/Weil syndrome
Drug for leptospirosis that must not be taken by pregnant women; it leads to bone deformities
Doxycycline
2 genus under the family Spirochaetaceae (TB)
Treponema, Borrelia
Genus under the family Leptospiraceae
Leptospira
2 clinical findings of Treponema pallidum (VN)
Venereal, Non-venereal
2 antigenic structures of Treponema pallidum (HC)
Hyaluronidase, Cardiolipin
Transmission vector for Borrelia recurrentis
Human body louse
Transmission vector for Borrelia burgdorferi
Ixodes tick
