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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Senses 2 > Flashcards

Senses 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The lens functions by keeping the focal point of the image directly on what structure?

A

Fovea centralis

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2
Q

What is another name for the ciliary zone?

A

Suspensory ligament

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3
Q

What is the name for the middle layer of the retina?

A

Bipolar cells

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4
Q

What nerve do the axons of the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti synapse with?

A

Cochlear part of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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5
Q

The cord-like structures that hold the lens in place are known as what?

A

Suspensory ligament or ciliary zonule

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6
Q

To which layer of the eye does the pupil belong to?

A

Vascular

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7
Q

In the spiral organ of Corti, what is the small membrane within the cochlear duct that lies just above the hair cells?

A

Tectorial

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8
Q

Specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to contract?

A

Sphincter pupillae

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9
Q

Which of the three layers of the retina is closest to the light source (lines the inside of the vitreous chamber?

A

Ganglion cells

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10
Q

What does continuous influx of calcium and depolarization of the photoreceptor cell membrane cause?

A

Neurotransmitter release

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11
Q

The outer clear layer of the eye is known as what?

A

The Cornea

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12
Q

For close-in focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are they directed straight ahead?

A

Converge medially

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13
Q

The scientific name for the middle ear is what?

A

Tympanic Cavity

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14
Q

Once gultamate is NOT released from the photoreceptor, what effect is seen in the bipolar cells?

A

They are allowed to stimulate the ganglion cells.

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the vestibule?

A

Vestibular part of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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16
Q

What is inflammation of the conjunctiva?

A

Conjunctivitis

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17
Q

In the spiral organ of Corti, the middle chamber is known as what?

A

Cochlear Duct or Scala Media

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18
Q

What is the external wall of the cochlear duct which produces the endolymph?

A

Stria Vascularis

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19
Q

What is the clear ovoid structure which changes shape in order to focus images on the retina?

A

The Lens

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20
Q

Which of the three layers of the retina is farthest away from the light source?

A

The Photoreceptors

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21
Q

Which of the ossicles is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the photoreceptors?

A

Glutamate

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23
Q

The chamber(s) that are filled with Aqueous Humor are collectively known as what?

A

Anterior Segment

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24
Q

Stone-like structures which float in gel and settle due to gravity to stimulate hair cells are what?

A

Otoliths

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25
Q

The “beef taste” is known as what?

A

Umami

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26
Q

The space between the cornea and the iris is called what?

A

Anterior Chamber

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27
Q

The ciliary processes and muscles make up what structure?

A

Ciliary body

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28
Q

The hole through the iris through which light must pass?

A

Pupil

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29
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the iris belong?

A

Vascular layer

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30
Q

Which photoreceptor cells respond to colors?

A

Cones

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31
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the suspensory ligament belong to?

A

Vascular layer

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32
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary muscles belong to?

A

Vascular layer

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33
Q

During close-in focusing, do the zonule fibers contract or loosen?

A

Loosen

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34
Q

What is the process of changing shape of the lens in order to focus of the eyes?

A

Accommodation of the lens

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35
Q

What is the area of the retina that has no rods or cones?

A

Blind Spot or Optic Disc

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36
Q

What is the cone-shaped indentation of the retina?

A

Macula Lutea

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37
Q

What is the process by which the pupils contract or dilate in response to the amount of light the eye is exposed to?

A

Accommodation Pupillary Reflex or Pupillary Reflex

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38
Q

What are the specialized cells which respond to light?

A

Photoreceptors

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39
Q

What is the point of the retina which possesses the highest concentration of cones for detailed color analysis?

A

Fovea Centralis

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40
Q

What does the influx of cation cause in the retina?

A

It depolarizes the cell membranes

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41
Q

What are the most common causes of sensorineural deafness?

A

Chronic infection or exposure to loud noises

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42
Q

What is the term that describes bumps or elevations when referring to the special senses?

A

Pupillae

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43
Q

What is the point where the image is most focused?

A

Fovea Centralis

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44
Q

Which compound is broken down by light in the photoreceptors?

A

Rhodopsin

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45
Q

What is the muscle which opens or widens the pupil?

A

Dilator Pupillae

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46
Q

During distant focusing, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen?

A

Tighten

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47
Q

In the photoreceptors, what compounds binds and locks open special cation channels?

A

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)

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48
Q

What is the point of the retina where it is thinnest so the image travels through the least amount of tissue?

A

Fovea Centralis

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49
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells are most sensitive?

A

Rods

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50
Q

What compound is activated by opsin?

A

Transducin

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51
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells respond in low light conditions?

A

Rods

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52
Q

What is produced by the ciliary processes?

A

Aqueous Humor

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53
Q

What compound is activated by transducin?

A

Phosphodiesterase

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54
Q

For close-in focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded?

A

It becomes more rounded.

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55
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells are most numerous in the macula lutea?

A

Cones

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56
Q

When the ciliary muscles contract, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen?

A

Loosen

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57
Q

What is the loss of olfaction?

A

Anosmia

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58
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary processes

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59
Q

For distant focusing, does the lens flatten or become more rounded?

A

It flattens

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60
Q

The area where the optic nerve exits the eye is known as what?

A

Blind Spot or Optic Disc

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61
Q

The external ear is known as what?

A

Auricle or Pinna

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62
Q

The outer white layer of the eye is known as what?

A

Sclera

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63
Q

The clinical term for nearsightedness is what?

A

Myopia

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64
Q

The sclera and the cornea make up what “layer” of the eye?

A

Fibrous layer

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65
Q

What is another term for ear wax?

A

Cerumen

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66
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary zonule belong to?

A

Vascular layer

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67
Q

The axons of which neurons make up the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

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68
Q

Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to a decrease in light intensity?

A

Dilate

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69
Q

What is the function of cGMP in the retina?

A

Locks the cation channels OPEN

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70
Q

How does rhodopsin effect the eyes?

A

It makes the eyes more sensitive to light.

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71
Q

Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to an increase in light intensity?

A

Constrict

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72
Q

What is a biconvex, transparent structure composed of protein fibers which changes shape in order to focus the eyes?

A

The Lens

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73
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary body belong to?

A

Vascular layer

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74
Q

For distant focusing, do the eyes converge medially or are they directed straight ahead?

A

They are directed straight ahead

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75
Q

What is the clinical name for being cross-eyed?

A

Strabisumus

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76
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells are less sensitive?

A

Cones

77
Q

The clinical term for far-sightedness is what?

A

Hyperopia

78
Q

Do we see dimly lit objects best when looking directly or NOT directly at them?

A

NOT directly

79
Q

The sense of taste is known as what?

A

Gustation

80
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells respond best in day-light conditions?

A

Cones

81
Q

During close-in focusing, do the ciliary muscles contract or relax?

A

Contract

82
Q

What are the chemoreceptors for taste found within the papillae of the tongue?

A

Taste buds

83
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells are absent from the macula lutea?

A

Rods

84
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous system causes the pupil to contract?

A

Parasympathetic

85
Q

To which “layer” of the eye do the cones belong?

A

Inner layer

86
Q

What muscles change the shape of the lens to regulate focusing?

A

Ciliary muscles

87
Q

Damage to nerves or sensory receptors of the inner ear leading to hearing loss is known as what?

A

Sensorineural

88
Q

Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to close-in focusing?

A

Constrict

89
Q

The space between the iris and the lens is called what?

A

Posterior Chamber

90
Q

What breaks down rhodopsin?

A

Light

91
Q

Which two compounds combine to make rhodopsin?

A

Opsin + Retinal

92
Q

The sense of pain is known as what?

A

Nociceptors

93
Q

Once the action potentials for hearing leave the inferior colliculus, what structure do they enter next?

A

Auditory Cortex

94
Q

Dizziness and the false perception of movement is known as what?

A

Vertigo

95
Q

What is the structure that is located in the External Auditory Canal and produces ear wax?

A

Cerumenous Glands

96
Q

Do the pupils constrict or dilate in response to distant focusing?

A

Dilate

97
Q

The degeneration of the ossicles making them immobile is a condition known as what?

A

Ostosclerosis

98
Q

Tiny equilibrium receptors containing stone-like structures that are used to detect body positions while stationary is known as what?

A

Maculae

99
Q

What compound activates transducin?

A

Opsin

100
Q

The inability to focus close up due to a much less elastic lens which occurs with age is known as what?

A

Presbyopia

101
Q

Which structure of the brain controls the pupillary reflexes?

A

Pretectal nuclei

102
Q

The gelatinous material that fills the large chamber in the back of the eye is known as what?

A

Vitreous Humor

103
Q

Which of the papillae are very large and located on the posterior part of the tongue?

A

Circumvallate Papillae

104
Q

Is rhodopsin produced in light or dark?

A

Dark

105
Q

Which compound makes the eyes more sensitive to light?

A

Rhodopsin

106
Q

Which structure in the brain regulates the extrinsic muscles to the eyes?

A

Superior colliculi

107
Q

What compound destroys cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)?

A

Phosphodiesterase

108
Q

A term for the sense of touch is what?

A

Tactile

109
Q

What compound is destroyed by phosphodiesterase?

A

cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)

110
Q

Where is the primary visual center of the brain located?

A

Occipital Lobe

111
Q

Ringing of the ears is known as what?

A

Tinnitus

112
Q

What is the process by which light breaks down rhodopsin?

A

Bleaching

113
Q

Name the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

114
Q

Which major component of the inner ear actually functions in hearing?

A

Cochlea

115
Q

The ability to monitor position and movement of body is known as what?

A

Proprioception

116
Q

Which structure of the brain leads to the pineal body/gland?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

117
Q

Name the fluid that fills the osseous (bony) labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

118
Q

Receptors such as tough, pressure, and stretch are known as what?

A

Mechanoreceptors

119
Q

The process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light in the dark and less sensitive to light in the light is what?

A

Light-Dark Adaptation

120
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the sphincter pupillae?

A

Parasympathetic

121
Q

In the photoreceptors, cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate causes the influx of which cations?

A

Sodium and Calcium

122
Q

An increasing in which of the autonomic nervous systems controls distant focusing?

A

Sympathetic

123
Q

Specifically, which muscle causes the pupil to dilate?

A

Dilator Pupillae

124
Q

What is the scientific name for the ear drum?

A

Tympanic membrane

125
Q

What type of frequency travels the farthest in the cochlea?

A

Low frequency

126
Q

Once through the optic tract, which structure sends the impulses to the Primary Visual Center of the brain?

A

Lateral Geniculate Body

127
Q

During distant focusing, do the ciliary muscles contract or relax?

A

Relax

128
Q

What is the condition caused by the inability of the Scleral Venous Sinus to drain aqueous humor?

A

Glaucoma

129
Q

What is the condition in which the lens becomes opaque, therefore light is unable to pass?

A

Cataracts

130
Q

What are the receptors that monitor blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

131
Q

The sense of smell is known as what?

A

Olfaction

132
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems causes the pupil to dilate?

A

Sympathetic

133
Q

What is the type of receptor that is activated by molecules?

A

Chemoreceptor

134
Q

What is the clinical name for double vision?

A

Diplopia

135
Q

A function which detects body positions while stationary is known as what?

A

Static equilibrium

136
Q

Which of the papillae are “mushroom-shaped” and located on tip, sides, and dorsum of tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae

137
Q

Without cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), what happens to the photoreceptor’s cell membranes?

A

Cation channels close

138
Q

What is the condition caused when the ossicles fuse together or to the oval window?

A

Otosclerosis

139
Q

Which of the papillae are found on the sides of the tongue?

A

Foliate Papillae

140
Q

Where you look, the lens change shape to place focal point on which structure within the eye?

A

Fovea Centralis

141
Q

Which structures remove aqueous humor?

A

Scleral Venous Sinus

142
Q

What happens to the photoreceptor’s cell membrane once the cation channels close?

A

Hyperpolarization

143
Q

The process by which, when in the dark, the eyes become more sensitive to light?

A

Dark adaptation

144
Q

The process by which, when in the light, the eyes become less sensitive to light?

A

Light Adaptation

145
Q

What compound activates phosphodiesterase?

A

Transducin

146
Q

Which component of rhodopsin is a derivative from Vitamin A?

A

Retinal

147
Q

What are the two structures that make up the fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Sclera and Cornea

148
Q

What is the middle ossicle?

A

Incus

149
Q

Lancing the tympanic membrane to drain pus or place “ear tubes” is known as what?

A

Myringotomy

150
Q

To which “layer” of the eye do the rods belong to?

A

Inner layer

151
Q

What are the two muscles which contract in response to very loud sound to prevent over vibration of the middle ear that could result in hearing loss?

A

Tensor Tympani and Stapedius

152
Q

Which two parts of the membranous labyrinth are located within the vestibule of the inner ear?

A

The utricle and saccule

153
Q

The part of the osseous (bony) labyrinth which contains the utricle and the saccule is known as what?

A

Vestibule

154
Q

What is the large chamber in the back of the eye filled by a gelatinous material?

A

Posterior Segment or Vitreous Chamber

155
Q

Equilibrium receptors in the ampulla of the semicircular ducts composed of groups of hair cells are known as what?

A

Crista Ampullaris

156
Q

To which “layer” of the eye do the photoreceptors belong?

A

Inner layer

157
Q

What is the part of the eye which gives the eyes their externally seen color?

A

Iris

158
Q

What is the involuntary jerky movement of the eye?

A

Nystagmus

159
Q

What are the chambers within the bone that contain the membranous labyrinth?

A

Osseous (bony) Labyrinth

160
Q

What is the function which detects motion or acceleration/deceleration?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

161
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the dilator pupillae?

A

Sympathetic

162
Q

Which major component of the cochlear actually functions in hearing?

A

Spiral organ of Corti

163
Q

Which structures in the inner ear regulate dynamic equilibrium?

A

Semicircular Canals

164
Q

What are the swollen bases of the semicircular canals/ducts?

A

Ampulla

165
Q

What are the sensory receptors within the spiral organ of Corti which send an action potential to the spiral ganglion?

A

Hair cells

166
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the ciliary processes belong?

A

Vascular layer

167
Q

Another name for suspensory ligaments is what?

A

Ciliary zonule

168
Q

To which “layer” of the eye does the choroid belong?

A

Vascular layer

169
Q

When the ciliary muscles relax, do the zonule fibers tighten or loosen?

A

Tighten

170
Q

An increase in which of the autonomic nervous systems controls close-in focusing?

A

Parasympathetic

171
Q

What connects the pharynx with the tympanic cavity?

A

Pharyngotypmpanic Tube

172
Q

Once the action potentials for hearing leave the auditory nerve, what structure do they enter?

A

Inferior Colliculus

173
Q

What is the disease within the inner ear that leads to vertigo, nausea, and vomiting all due to the disruption of balance centers?

A

Meniere’s Syndrome

174
Q

What type of frequency travels the least distance in the cochlea?

A

High frequency

175
Q

Which of the ossicles is attached to the oval window?

A

Stapes

176
Q

The muscle which contracts or closes the pupil is what?

A

Sphincter Pupillae

177
Q

What is the condition caused by refractive error in the eye?

A

Astigmatism

178
Q

Membranous sacs and tubes within the osseous labyrinth are known as what?

A

Membranous labyrinth

179
Q

Deafness due to the blockage of the pathway that sound travels is known as what?

A

Conduction Deafness

180
Q

The process of converting light into a graded (local) potential is what?

A

Phototransduction

181
Q

An inflammation of the tympanic cavity or middle ear is known as what?

A

Otitis Media

182
Q

In the spiral organ of Corti, the lower chamber is known as what?

A

Scala Tympani

183
Q

The tiny bones in the middle ear are known as what?

A

Auditory ossicles

184
Q

What is another name for ciliary zonule?

A

Suspensory ligament

185
Q

What effect does glutamate have on the bipolar cells?

A

Inhibition

186
Q

Which of the photoreceptor cells are more numerous in the periphery of the retina?

A

Rods

187
Q

In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal Lobe

188
Q

The apex of the cone-shaped indentation of the retina is known as what?

A

Centralis

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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