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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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2
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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3
Q

Six gastrointestinal activities

A

1) Ingestion
2) Propulsion
3) Mechanical digestion
4) Chemical digestion
5) Absorption
6) Defecation

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4
Q

Taking food into the digestive tract

A

Ingestion

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5
Q

Swallowing and peristalsis

A

Propulsion

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6
Q

Waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

A

Peristalsis

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7
Q

Chewing, mixing, and churning food

A

Mechanical digestion

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8
Q

Catabolic breakdown of food

A

Chemical digestion

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9
Q

Movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph

A

Absorption

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10
Q

Elimination of indigestible solid wastes

A

Defecation

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11
Q

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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12
Q

Covers external surface of most digestive organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

Lines the body wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

Lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another

A

Peritoneal cavity

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15
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum that provides:

  • Vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera
  • Holds digestive organs in place and store fat
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16
Q

Four basic layers of the alimentary canal

A
  1. Mucosa (innermost layer)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa (outermost layer)
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17
Q

Three major functions of mucosa

A

 Secretion of mucus
 Absorption of end products of digestion
 Protection against infectious disease

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18
Q

Three sublayers of mucosa

A

1) Simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells
2) Lamina Propria - nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients, contains lymph nodes (part of MALT) important in defense against bacteria
3) Muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa

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19
Q

Dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

 Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

 Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

A

Muscularis externa

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21
Q

The protective visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

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22
Q

To withstand abrasions the mouth is …

A

 The mouth is lined with stratified squamous epithelium  The gums, hard palate, and dorsum of the tongue are slightly keratinized

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23
Q

Underlain by palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae, assists the tongue in chewing

A

Hard palate

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24
Q

Mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle, closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing, uvula projects downward from its free edge

A

Soft palate

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25
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

 Gripping and repositioning food during chewing
 Mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
 Initiation of swallowing, and speech

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26
Q

Change the shape of the tongue

A

Intrinsic muscles

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27
Q

Alter the tongue’s position

A

Extrinsic muscles

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28
Q

Secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

Lingual frenulum

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29
Q

Lingual lipase

A
  • Produced by lingual glands in the tongue
  • An enzyme that digests
  • Activated in the acid environment of the stomach
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30
Q

Functions of saliva

A

 Cleanses the mouth
 Moistens and dissolves food chemicals
 Aids in bolus formation
 Contains enzymes that break down starch

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31
Q

Three extrinsic salivary glands

A

1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual

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32
Q

Extrinsic salivary glands secrete …

A

Enzyme rich saliva (salivary amylase)

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33
Q

 Scattered throughout the oral mucosa

 Keep the mouth moist

A

Intrinsic salivary glands (buccal glands)

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34
Q

Extrinsic salivary glands secrete saliva in response to …

A

A) Ingested food which stimulates chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors
B) The thought of food

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35
Q

Constriction where the crown and root come together

A

Neck of tooth

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36
Q

Calcified connective tissue, covers the root, and attaches it to the periodontal ligament

A

Cementum

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37
Q

Anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw and forms the fibrous joint called a gomphosis

A

Periodontal ligament

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38
Q

Depression where the gingiva borders the tooth

A

Gingival sulcus

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39
Q

Bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth

A

Dentin

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40
Q

Cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulp

A

Pulp cavity

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41
Q

Portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root

A

Root canal

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42
Q

Gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action

A

Dental caries (cavities)

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43
Q

Three steps in the formation of dental caries

A
  1. Dental plaque, a film of sugar, bacteria, and mouth debris, adheres to teeth
  2. Acid produced by the bacteria in the plaque dissolves calcium salts
  3. Without these salts, organic matter is digested by proteolytic enzymes
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44
Q

Gingivitis

A

 Plaque calcifies to form calculus (tartar)
 Calculus disrupts the seal between the gingiva and the teeth
 Anaerobic bacteria infect gums
 Infection reversible if calculus removed

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45
Q

Periodontitis

A

 Immune cells attack intruders and body tissues
 Destroy periodontal ligament
 Activate osteoclasts – dissolving bone

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46
Q

Consequences of periodontitis

A

Possible tooth loss, promotion of atherosclerosis and clot formation in coronary and cerebral arteries (by chronic inflammation and bacteria in blood)

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47
Q

Risk factors for periodontitis

A

Smoking, diabetes mellitus, tongue or lip piercing

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48
Q

Pharynx

A

 From the mouth, the oro- and laryngopharynx allow passage of food and fluids to the esophagus and air to the trachea
 Has two skeletal muscle layers

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49
Q

Esophagus

A

 Muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
 Pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
 Joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice

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50
Q

Five digestive processes in the mouth

A
  1. Food is ingested
  2. Mechanical digestion begins (chewing)
  3. Propulsion is initiated by swallowing (deglutition)
  4. Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch
  5. Lingual lipase secreted but begins digestion of fats in stomach
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51
Q

Coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups

A

Deglutition (swallowing)

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52
Q

Buccal phase of deglutition

A

 Bolus is forced into the oropharynx

 Voluntary contraction of tongue

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53
Q

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase of deglutition

A

 All routes except into the digestive tract are sealed off

 Involuntary - controlled by the medulla and lower pons

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54
Q

Chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted to …

A

Chyme

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55
Q

 Allows the stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food physically
 Breaks down food into smaller fragments

A

Oblique layer of stomach muscularis

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56
Q

The stomach connects with the duodenum through the …

A

Pyloric sphincter

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57
Q

Two mesentaries called Omenta that tether the stomach to other digestive organs and the body wall

A

 Lesser omentum – runs from the liver to the lesser curvature
 Greater omentum – drapes inferiorly from the greater curvature to the small intestine

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58
Q

Microscopic anatomy of the stomach

A

 Epithelial lining is composed of goblet cells that produce a coat of alkaline mucus
 The mucous surface layer traps a bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it
 Gastric pits contain gastric glands that secrete gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin

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59
Q

Four gastric gland cell types

A
  1. Mucous neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
60
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete …

A

Acid mucus

61
Q

Parietal cells secrete …

A

 HCl

 Intrinsic factor (necessary for the absorption of B12 in the small intestine)

62
Q

Chief cells secrete …

A

 Gastric lipase

 Pepsinogen

63
Q

Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by …

A

 HCl in the stomach

 Pepsin itself via a positive feedback mechanism

64
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete …

A

Paracrines
- Serotonin – increase intestinal motility
- Histamine - vasodilator
Hormones
- Somatostatin (GHIH) inhibits gastric secretion
- Gastrin increased gastric secretion

65
Q

Exposed to the harshest conditions in the digestive tract

A

The stomach

66
Q

To keep from digesting itself, the stomach has a mucosal barrier with …

A

1) A thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall
2) Epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions – prevents gastric juice from leaking into underlying tissue
3) Gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCl
4) Damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaced

67
Q

Inflammation caused by anything that breaches the mucosal barrier

A

Gastritis

68
Q

Erosion of the wall of the stomach (gastric), esophogus (esophogeal), or duodenum (duodenal)

A

Peptic ulcer

69
Q

Percentage of the world population infected with H. pylori

A

50%

70
Q

Burning, radiating substernal pain that occurs when acidic gastric juice regurgitates into the esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

71
Q

Weakening of the gastroesophageal sphincter in which the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm

A

Hiatal hernia

72
Q

Complications of GERD

A

Inflammation of the esophagus, esophageal ulcers, and potentially esophageal cancer.

73
Q

Five functions of the stomach

A

1) Holds ingested food
2) Degrades this food both physically and chemically
3) Delivers chyme to the small intestine
4) Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin
5) Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12

74
Q

Lack of intrinsic factor

A

Pernicious anemia

75
Q

Stimulatory and inhibitory events of gastric secretions occur in three phases (one or all can be occurring at the same time):

A

1) Cephalic (reflex) phase: prior to food entry, lasts a few minutes
2) Gastric phase: once food enters the stomach, lasts 3-4 hours
3) Intestinal phase: as partially digested food enters the duodenum

76
Q

Gastric emptying is regulated by:

A

A) The neural enterogastric reflex
B) Hormonal (enterogastrone) mechanisms

These mechanisms inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling

77
Q

Stomach emptying through vomiting

A

Emesis

78
Q

Quickly moves through the duodenum

A

Carbohydrate-rich chyme

79
Q

Digested more slowly causing food to remain in the stomach longer (can be as long as 6 hours)

A

Fat-laden chyme

80
Q

 Major organ of digestion and absorption

 2–4 m (~6.5-13ft) long; from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

A

Small intestine

81
Q

Three subdivisions of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
82
Q

 Join the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla

 Are controlled by the sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)

A

The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct

83
Q

The ileum joins the large intestine at the …

A

Ileocecal valve

84
Q

Deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa

A

Plicae circulares

85
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the mucosa

A

Villi

86
Q

Tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes

A

Microvilli

87
Q

The epithelium of the small intestine mucosa is made up of:

A

1) Absorptive cells - nutrient and electrolyte absorption
2) Goblet cells - secrete mucous
3) Enteroendocrine cells - secretin, cholecystokinin
4) Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) - release cytokines
5) Paneth cells - secrete defensins and lysozyme

88
Q

Within the intestinal mucosa contain secretory cells that produce intestinal juice

A

Intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

89
Q

Contained within the small intestine submucosa:

A

 Peyer’s patches

 Brunner’s glands (duodenal glands)

90
Q

Found in the distal part of the small intestine and protect against bacteria

A

Peyer’s patches

91
Q

In the duodenum, secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme

A

Brunner’s glands (duodenal glands)

92
Q

The liver

A

 The largest gland in the body
 Four lobes – 1) right 2) left 3) caudate 4) quadrate
 The falciform ligament - separates the right and left lobes anteriorly
 Ligamentum teres - remnant of fetal umbilical vein

93
Q

Bile leaves the liver via:

A

 Right and left hepatic ducts, which fuse into the common hepatic duct
 The common hepatic duct, which fuses with the cystic duct forms the common bile duct

94
Q

Hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

95
Q

Five functions of hepatocytes

A

1) Production of bile
2) Processing bloodborne nutrients
3) Storage of fat-soluble vitamins
4) Detoxification
5) Production of clotting factors

96
Q

Inflammation of the liver most often due to viral infection

A

Hepatitis (Types A - F)

97
Q

Hepatitis B

A

40% of cases, transmitted via blood transfusions, contaminated needles, sexual contact

98
Q

Hepatitis A

A

32% of cases, transmitted via contaminated food, water, feces-mouth

99
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Characterized by persistent or chronic liver infections
 More than 4 million Americans infected, 10,000 die annually
 Transmitted through infected individuals blood

100
Q

Progressive chronic inflammation of the liver that typically results from severe chronic hepatitis or chronic alcoholism

A

Cirrhosis

101
Q

Three stages of liver degeneration

A
  1. Fatty liver
  2. Fibrous liver (fibrosis)
  3. Cirrhosis
102
Q

Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that:

A

 Emulsify fat
 Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
 Help solubilize cholesterol

103
Q

A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

A

Bile

104
Q

The chief bile pigment, a waste product of heme

A

Bilirubin

105
Q

Thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver

A

The gallbladder

106
Q

Functions of the gallbladder

A

 Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions (up to 10-20x more concentrated)
 Releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct

107
Q

Crystallization of cholesterol in the gallbladder due to insufficient bile salts or lecithin, or excessive cholesterol.

A

Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

108
Q

Treatments for gallstones

A

Gallstone dissolving drugs, lithotripsy (shock-wave therapy), or surgical removal (cholecystectomy)

109
Q

Pancreas exocrine function

A

Acini cells secrete pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff (99%)

110
Q

Pancreas endocrine function

A

Pancreatic islets release of insulin and glucagon (1%)

111
Q

Pancreatic juice composition

A

 Watery alkaline solution (pH 8) - neutralizes acid chyme
 Electrolytes - primarily HCO3 (Bicarbonate ion)
 Enzymes

112
Q

Pancreatic juice enzymes

A

 Amylase and lipases are secreted in active form

 Proteases secreted in inactive form

113
Q

Protease activation in duodenum

A

Enteropeptidase –> Trypsinogen –> Trypsin –> Other proteases –> Active

114
Q

Acidic, fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release:

A

 Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin into the bloodstream

115
Q

Three functions of cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

1) Gallbladder contraction –> bile
2) Pancreas –> enzyme-rich juice
3) Relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter

116
Q

Two functions of secretin

A

1) Liver –> bile

2) Pancreas –> bicarbonate-rich juice

117
Q

Regulation of bile release by the vagus nerve (X)

A

1) Mild gallbladder contraction

2) Mild release of pancreatic juice

118
Q

Virtually all nutrient absorption takes place in the …

A

Small intestine

119
Q

After nutrients have been absorbed in the small intestine …

A

 Peristalsis begins with each wave starting distal to the previous
 Meal remnants, bacteria, mucosal cells, and debris are moved into the large intestine

120
Q

The gastroileal reflex and gastrin:

A

1) Relax the ileocecal sphincter
2) Allow chyme to pass into the large intestine
3) Ileocecal valve flaps close when chyme exerts backward pressure

121
Q

Three unique features of the large intestine

A

 Teniae coli
 Haustra
 Epiploic appendages

122
Q

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in its muscularis

A

Teniae coli

123
Q

Pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli

A

Haustra

124
Q

Fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

A

Epiploic appendages

125
Q

Five subdivisions of the large intestine

A

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

126
Q

Two sphincters of the anus (closed except for during defecation):

A

1) Internal anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle

2) External anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle

127
Q

Inflammation of the superficial venous plexuses associated with the anal canal results in itchy varicosities

A

Hemorrhoids

128
Q

Bacterial flora of the large intestine consist of:

A

 Bacteria surviving the small intestine that enter the cecum and
 Those entering via the anus

129
Q

Five functions of bacterial flora

A

1) Colonize the colon
2) Ferment indigestible carbohydrates
3) Release irritating acids and gases (flatus)
4) Synthesize biotin and vitamin K
5) Keep pathogenic bacteria in check

130
Q

Two functions of the large intestine

A

 Vitamins, water, and electrolytes are reclaimed

 Propulsion of fecal material toward the anus

131
Q

Slow segmenting movements that move the contents of the colon and are stimulated by distension

A

Haustral contractions

132
Q

Initiates peristalsis that forces contents toward the rectum, activated by presence of food in the stomach

A

Gastrocolic reflex

133
Q

Distention of rectal walls caused by feces:

A

 Stimulates contraction of the rectal walls

 Relaxes the internal anal sphincter

134
Q

Voluntary signals stimulate relaxation of the external anal sphincter and …

A

Defecation occurs

135
Q

Small herniations of the mucosa through the colon walls

A

Diverticula

136
Q

The formation of diverticula

A

Diverticulosis

137
Q

Inflammation of the diverticula that can cause rupture and leakage of feces into the peritoneal cavity

A

Diverticulitis

138
Q

Digestion/Absorption:
Proteins –> Amino acids
Carbohydrates –> Monosaccharides
Lipids –> Glycerol, Small chain FA, Med chain FA

A

Enterocyte of villi –> Capillaries –> Hepatic portal vein –> Liver

139
Q

Digestion/Absorption:
Long chain FA
Monoglycerides
Fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)

A
  1. Package into micelle
  2. Micelle enters enterocyte
  3. Unpackage and reform triglycerides
  4. Package into chylomicron
  5. Chylomicron enters lacteal
  6. Lymph –> blood
140
Q

Percentage of water that is absorbed in the small intestines by osmosis

A

95%

141
Q

Causes of nutrient malabsorption

A

 Results from anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice
 Factors that damage the intestinal mucosa (e.g., bacterial infection)

142
Q

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease)

A

 Gluten (protein found in grains- wheat, rye, barley) damages the intestinal villi and reduces the length of microvilli (autoimmune disease)
 Treated by eliminating gluten from the diet (all grains but rice and corn)

143
Q

2nd largest cause of cancer deaths

A

Colon cancer (colorectal cancer)

144
Q

Artificial sweeteners

A 
 Aspartame/ Nutra Sweet/ Equal
 Saccharin/ Sweet-N-Low
 Acesulfame K/ Acesulfame Potassium
 Sucralose/ Splenda
 Neotame
145
Q

Have been shown to cause weight gain rather than loss

A

Artificial sweeteners

146
Q

Natural sweeteners

A

 Stevia – an herbal product (FDA approved)
 Honey – can have significant calories and a fairly high glycemic index (~58)
 Sugar alcohols:
- Erythritol
- Xylitol
- Maltitol

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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