Blood Flashcards
Give the normal range for blood’s pH
7.35 - 7.45
What is bilirubin broken down into by the liver?
Bile
Deficiency in this is indicated in 10-30% adults and results in hemorrhage.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
The inability to form blood clots may reflect a general loss of which of the formed elements?
Platelets
A plasma protein that is an important factor in blood clotting is what?
Fibrinogen
What specialized proteins produced by WBCs mark pathogens for destruction by immune system?
Antibodies
Which of the leukocytes are commonly increased in number in response to allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
Liver disease may be marked by an “increase” or decrease of plasma osmolarity?
Decrease
Long term athletic training in high altitudes results in elevated levels of erythropoietin, a process known as natural what?
Blood Doping
Which protein is the primary extracellular carrier of iron and transfers it to the cell?
Transferrin
A term that describes red blood cells as being without a nucleus is what?
Anucleated
A type of leukemia seen most often in pediatric cases is what?
Acute Lymphoblastic
5.0% is said to be “___” for plasma glucose
Isotonic
5.0% is said to be isotonic for which molecule?
Glucose
Which compound removes cholesterol from the cells and takes it to the liver to be processed?
High-Density Lipoproteins
Where is the hormone that is the primary inducer of the production of red blood cells produced?
Kidneys and Liver
Which proteins make up 36% of the plasma proteins?
Globulins
A solution with a HIGH concentration of solute compared to another solution (on the other side of a membrane for example)?
Hypertonic
What is the first structure to produce blood cells?
Yolk Sac
How much of our body weight does blood make up?
8%
The method of locomotion used by WBCs to move within the interstitium?
Amoeboid Movement
0.9% is said to be “___” for plasma NaCl
Isotonic
These proteins may “spill” out of dead cells and therefore provide a diagnostic tool for some disease?
Enzymes
At what age are RBCs produced within the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes?
Between the 2nd and 3rd trimester
A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with arteriosclerosis?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
Which of the WBCs is best described having abundant cytoplasm and a multilobular nucleus and darn purple/blue granules?
Basophils
A person with type “O” blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane?
None
By what age does hemopoiesis occur in only the membranous (flat) bones such as the ilium, sternum, vertebrae, or ribs?
20-years-old
What are toxic compounds produced as a result of breaking down the amino acids from various proteins and nucleic acids?
Nitrogenous wastes
What percent of plasma proteins is made up by fibrinogen?
4%
What is a condition characterized by a mutated form of hemoglobin which may result in abnormally shaped RBCs which clog certain blood vessels?
Sickle Cell Anemia
Any decrease in quality of RBCs or hemoglobin is known as what?
Anemia
Similar to SCA, what condition affects people from areas such as Greece, Italy, and the southern Mediterranean area?
Beta Thalassemia
What are the intracellular proteins that store iron in a safe form?
Ferritin and Hemosiderin
What is the production of formed elements (blood cells & platelets)?
Hemopoiesis
Which organs are the primary removers of urea from the body?
Kidneys
The diffusion of water always proceeds from “___” to “___” water?
High to Low
What percentage of WBCs are represented by monocytes?
3-8%
Which virus causes mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
For patients that have NOT been diagnosed as “high risk,” plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins should be kept below what value?
100 mg/dL
How much of the body’s cholesterol is made by the liver?
85%
In what form is glucose stored in tissues?
Glycogen
What percent of the general U.S. population has type “O” blood?
48%
A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause pancreatic fibrosis, heart failure, and carcinoma of the liver is what?
Hemochromatosis
A measure of the contribution to total osmolarity of the blood that is made by over 2000 plasma proteins?
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
What fraction of the African-American infants are born with sickle cell anemia (SCA)?
1/625
Which of the formed elements initiate blood clotting?
Platelets
Which represent the second sites (more than one) for the production of RBCs?
Spleen, Liver, Lymphatic Tissue
A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause hemorrhage, infarcts, and congestion of various organs, however, little damage that is permanent is what?
Hemosiderosis
What is the average hemoglobin content for an adult female?
12-16 g/dL
After clotting, the fluid portion of blood is known as what?
Serum
According to our notes, a value of 280-296 mOSM is isotonic for which compounds?
All Plasma Solutes
A term that reflects a condition contracted in hospital e.g. patient picks up staphlococcal pneumonia?
Nosocomial
What is the lifespan of an average RBC?
120 days
A term that means to make better
Ameliorate
Which vitamin is required for blood clot formation?
Vitamin K
People who have the Rh factor on the cell membranes for their RBCs are said to be Rh “___”
Positive (+)
Which of the following is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and found in plants such as greens?
Folate
What percent of plasma proteins is made up by the albumins?
60%
Which proteins are the most abundant regulators of plasma’s COP and viscosity?
Albumins
A person with type “A” blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood?
Anti-B
Plasma levels of cholesterol should be kept below what value?
180 mg/dL
What is a term that describes a WBC as having multilobular nucleus?
Polymorphonuclear
A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with coronary artery disease?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
What is the range for total blood volume for a typical female?
4-5L
What is the range for total blood volume for a typical male?
5-6L
Which factor allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12?
Intrinsic Factor
Other than the liver, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts?
Muscles
A posterior neural tube closure defect in which dura mater, as well as the spinal cord, are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby’s spine?
Myelomeningocele
Which compound causes fibrinogen to combine with fibrin mesh?
Thrombin
What is the normal hematocrit value for an adult male?
47%
The manner which LDLs get lipids inside cells is?
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Which of the posterior neural tube defects (NTDs) usually has the best prognosis?
Spina Bifida Occulta
A person with type “B” blood has which type of antigens on their RBCs cell membrane?
B
A term that describes hemoglobin without oxygen.
Deoxyhemoglobin
A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with atherosclerosis?
Low-Density Lipoproteins
A condition in which the arteries become clogged by plaque?
Atherosclerosis
These cancers are neoplasm of plasma cells with tumors usually seen in bone?
Myelomas
How many platelets are there?
150,000 - 400,000 µl (microliters)
What percent of the general U.S. population has type AB blood?
4%
An overwhelming majority of proteins found in the plasma are made by which organ?
Liver
Which of the posterior neural tube defects (NTDs) has the poorest prognosis?
Myelomeningocele
Which of the following is the primary cause for jaundice?
Liver Disease
Plasma levels of phospholipids should be kept below what value?
6-12 mg/dL
Which of the compound is critical in the production of DNA in RBCs and NOT typically found in plants?
Vitamin B12
Which of the WBCs give rise to the macrophages?
Monocytes
A condition of sickle cell anemia in which the patient suffers extreme and widespread pain, often referred to several areas of the body?
Pain Crisis
Where is instrinsic factor produced?
Stomach
Yellow coloring of skin and whites of eyes due to build-up of bilirubin due to liver disease is known as what?
Jaundice
After the age of 20, where are the primary locations for the production of RBCs?
Membranous bones
Liver disease may be marked by a significant reduction in plasma proteins. Will this cause water to move in or out of the blood vessels?
Move out of blood vessels
Which of the formed elements transports oxygen?
Erythrocytes
Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
280 million
What organ releases glucose to the blood to elevate plasma glucose levels?
Liver
Dietary iron exists as Fe++ and Fe+++ but which is the only form that can be absorbed?
Fe++
A general reduction in WBCs will lead to a patient that is what?
Immunosuppressed
What organ breaks bilirubin into bile?
Liver
Maternal dietary deficiencies in which nutrient indicates an increased risk of neural tube defects?
Folate
What organ is the primary remover of dead and dying RBCs?
Spleen
When a blood vessel is damaged, which compound is exposed to the blood, thereby initiating clot formation?
Collagen
Above what level is it said that HDLs are protective against heart disease?
60 mg/dL
Until what age does hemopoiesis continue in all bones?
5-years-old
Under what conditions would your body make more erythropoietin?
Low oxygen
A condition in which the walls of the arteries harden or lose their elasticity?
Arteriosclerosis
