Digestive System Flashcards
A term that describes the contents of the stomach?
Chyme
Where is lactic acid generated in muscles in converted to the usable pyruvic acid?
Liver
Difficult or infrequent defecation is referred to as?
Constipation
Chronic inflammation of the colon accompanied by ulceration and scarring (fibrosis)?
Crohn’s Disease
The layer of the mucosa that lines the lumen is known as the?
Epithelium
The elimination of solid wastes from the colon is known as?
Defecation
What is the function of the serosa?
Produces fluid
For the chloride shift where do the bicarbonate ions go?
Blood plasma
What function does the muscularis mucosa serve?
Increase surface area
A general name for the layer of simple squamous epithelium that adheres to the lungs and viscera of the abdomen is collectively known as?
Mesothelium
Malfunction of which organ is suggested by jaundice?
Liver
A type of diarrhea caused when the small intestines secrete massive amounts of fluids as seen with cholera?
Secretory
The plicae of the small intestines increase the surface area by a factor of?
3x
Hydrogen ions are essentially the same as?
Protons
The layer of the alimentary canal which lines the lumen is known as what?
Mucosa
Which nerve stimulates the salivary glands?
Vagus
Large folds in the small intestines which are divided into villa?
Pilcae circulares
An enzyme found in the saliva that kills microbes?
Lysozyme
A condition demonstrated by binging then self-inducing vomiting or large doses of laxatives?
Bulimia
Cells which secrete various hormones to regulate digestion?
Enteroendocrine cells
To which level must proteins be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Amino Acids
Which salivary gland is located on the body of the mandible?
Submandibular
What type of tissues makes up the muscularis mucosa?
Smooth muscle
An antimicrobial compound contained in saliva that is also active in the immune system is what?
Defensins
Generally a type of mesothelial lining that produces fluid is called?
Serosa
Once in the small branches of hepatic portal veins within the hepatic lobules, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Detoxified in the livers Sinusoids
The outermost layer of most of the alimentary canal consisting of simple squamous epithelium?
Serosa
Once in the Golgi apparatus, what happens next to lipids or lipid soluble compounds (what are they surrounded by)?
Surrounded by phospholipids
The connective tissue layer of the mucosa that is next to the epithelium is known as what?
Lamina Propria
The process of swallowing is what?
Deglutition
The process in which the liver makes blood cells outside of the bone marrow cavity as seen in cases of bone marrow suppression?
Extramedullary Hemopoiesis
Which segment of the small intestine produces gastrin?
Duodenum
What organ releases intrinsic factor?
Stomach
What type of tissues makes up the muscularis externa?
Smooth muscle
Which enzyme, produced by the gastric parietal cells allows these cells to produce H+?
Carbonic anhydrase
From which compound is bile derived?
Cholesterol
Which sub-division of the nervous system stimulates the salivary glands (as well as the GI tract in general)?
Parasympathetic
An enzyme found in the saliva that digests various lipids is known as?
Lipase
During the production of gastric acid where do the potassium ions come from?
Gastric lumen
What does amylase act upon (what does it digest)?
Plant starch or Amylose
During the production of gastric acid, where do the hydrogen ions go?
Gastric lumens
Folds in stomach that increase surface area are known as??
Rugae
Once in the thoracic duct, where do the lipids and lipid soluble compounds go next?
LEFT subclavian vein
Large papillae located near the back of the tongue?
Circumvallate
The layer of simple squamous epithelium that adheres to the viscera of the abdomen is specifically known as?
Visceral Peritoneum
What is released by pancreatic alpha cells?
Glucagon
Other than harboring intestinal bacteria what is another major function of the colon?
Absorption of water
The region of the stomach that is located superior to the gastroesophageal junction is called?
Fundus
Another name for plant starch?
Amylose
The smallest of the papillae on dorsum of tongue in which give it friction?
Filiform
The loss of motility especially seen after abdominal surgery is known as?
Ileus
The narrower region of the stomach below the esophagus is known as?
Pyloric part
For the chloride shift what gastric cells produce the bicarbonate ions?
Parietal cells
What is the major neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
During the chloride shift, what compound is exchanged with the chloride ions?
Bicarbonate ion
Which antibody is found in saliva (as well as mom’s milk)?
IgA
A pathological condition in which the patient demonstrates an abnormal reduction in appetite?
Anorexia
What is the major detoxification organ of the body?
Liver
Other than water absorption, what is another major function of the colon?
Harbors bacteria
What causes pepsinogen to change into the enzyme pepsin?
Low pH
Which plexus controls motility of the intestines?
Myenteric Nerve Plexus
The smallest (microscopic) finger-like projections of the small intestines which increase surface area?
Microvilli
What type of receptor must be inhibited to reduce the production of acid by the stomach?
Histamine Type 2 (H2) Receptors
Other than nerves and stretch, what stimulates movement and secretion along the gastro-intestinal tract?
Chemicals
A term that refers to the projections containing most of the taste buds?
Papillae
Name the lipids surrounded by the phospholipids within the Golgi apparatus?
Chylomicrons
What type of tissue makes up the lamina propria?
Areolar Connective Tissue
What is released by the pancreatic delta cells?
Somatostatin
An enzyme that digests lactose?
Lactase
What is the major neurotransmitter released by the vagus nerve?
acetylcholine
For the chloride shift, where do chloride ions (Cl-) come from?
Into parietal cells
An enzyme that breaks dipeptides into their amino acid components?
Dipeptidase
Two layers of smooth muscles found in most of the alimentary canal that causes the movement of food along the tract?
Muscularis Externa
Which compound made in the liver separates lipids into smaller units which can be absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells?
Bile
During the production of gastric acid, what compound is exchanged for the potassium ions (K+) in the gastric lumen?
Hydrogen ions
What type of tissue lines the oral cavity and the esophagus?
Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
The proteins that move hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen are known as what?
Proton pumps
The name given to the type of protein that causes chloride shift?
Antiport
A hormone that causes the pancreas to release protease enzymes into the duodenum?
Secretin
Tiny little lymphatic vessels in the walls of the small intestines?
Lacteals
The process of taking food in is referred to as?
Ingestion
which salivary gland is located just in front of the earlobe?
Parotid
What do the chloride ions pump into the stomach’s lumen combine with to make acid?
hydrogen ions
what type of acid is produced by the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
Once in the superior mesenteric vein where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Hepatic Portal Vein
What is the pH of the stomach?
2-3
The proton pump for the gastric cells belongs to which class of protein receptors?
Histamine Type 2 Receptors
An enzyme that digests sucrose?
Surcase
Which sub-division of the nervous system stimulates vomiting?
Parasympathetic
An allergic immune reaction to gluten?
Celiac Disease
What drug (found in a local weed) is used for preoperatively to dry up (inhibit) the salivary glands (to prevent aspiration of saliva)?
Atropine
To which level must triglycerides be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Fatty acids & a monoglyceride
The villi of the small intestines increase the surface area by a factor of?
10x
An enzyme found in saliva which breaks starch into glucose?
Amylase or ptyalin
Which of the tongue’s papillae do not have taste buds?
Filiform
What compound allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12?
Intrinsic Factor
Where is the large majority of your body’s cholesterol made?
Liver
A compound released by the pancreas that becomes trypsin?
Trypsinogen
During the production of gastric acid what compound is exchanged for the hydrogen ions (H+) in the gastric lumen?
Potassium ions (K+)
A type of diarrhea in which the intestinal lumen is hypertonic (like when you can’t digest lactose) which pulls excess water in?
Osmotic
Name the distal section of the small intestines that attaches to the colon?
Ileum
The presence of which substance causes the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Fat
Blood in vomit is known as?
Hematemesis
A hormone that causes the stomach to produce more acid?
Gastrin
Small finger-like projections in the small intestines which are divided into microvilli?
Villi
Persistent splashing of gastric contents into?
Gastroesophageal Reflux
The widest region of the stomach below the esophagus is known as the?
Body
What structure releases secretin?
Small intestines
An enzyme that digests DNA?
Deoxyribonuclease
Where are phospholipids made?
Liver
Where is cholecystokinin made?
Small intestines
Which cells of the stomach release intrinsic factor?
Parietal Cells
A hormone that causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate ion into the duodenum?
Secretin
What is released by pancreatic beta cells?
Insulin
A disease of the liver which is contracted via body fluids (STDs, used needles, clinicians, etc) which demonstrates a severe, chronic disease?
Hepatitis B
Cells from the islets of Langerhans which release glucagon?
Alpha cells
What compound is released by the liver from the breakdown of glycogen?
Glucose
What does intrinsic factor allow the small intestine to absorb?
Vitamin B12
What condition is indicted by extramedullary hemopoiesis?
Bone marrow suppression
A hormone that causes the gall bladder to contract to release bile?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What toxic compound is made from the amino groups removed from amino acids?
Urea
What structures of the stomach release the hormone gastrin?
Enteroendocrine cells
Cells from the islets of Langerhans which release insulin?
Beta Cells
A pre-enzyme released by the zymogen cells?
Pepsinogen
Which of the autonomic nervous systems stimulates the GI tract?
Parasympathetic
Which structures eliminate urea from the body?
Kidneys
A condition in which the gastric fundus or cardiac zone pushes up, through the diaphragm into the thorax is what?
Hiatal hernia
Give the genus and species of the bacterium that causes peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
Enzymes which digest smaller peptide into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Peptidases
A specialized enzyme that digests amino acids from the amino end of a polypeptide chain?
Aminopeptidase
Where are the high density lipoproteins made?
Liver
What percent of the feces is composed of fat?
10-20%
Once in the central vein of the hepatic lobule, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Hepatic Veins
A hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract forcing bile into the duodenum?
Choleystokinin
An enzyme that digests maltose?
Maltase
Waves of smooth muscle contractions that propel food along the alimentary tract are known as?
Peristalsis
Name the first section of the small intestines?
Duodenum
A major buffer released from the pancreas
Bicarbonate Ion
Name the middle section of the small intestines?
Jejunum
A thick layer of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves, next to the mucosa, that makes up the second layer of the alimentary canal is known as?
Submucosa
During the production of gastric acid, where do the potassium ions go?
Parietal cells
Enzymes which break triglycerides into smaller components?
Lipases
A think layer of smooth muscle within the most of the mucosa of the alimentary canal is known as the?
Muscularis Mucosa
A term that identifies a structure that produces enzymes made in the glands that have ducts that secrete these enzymes?
Exocrine
An enzyme that digests RNA?
Ribonuclease
What time of receptor causes the stomach to produce acid?
Histamine Type 2 (H2) Receptors
The process by which amino group (NH2) is removed from amino acids before they are broke down further?
Deamination
A lesion found in the epithelium of the lower esophagus, stomach, duodenum is referred as?
Peptic Ulcer
Other than the stomach, where else is gastrin produced?
Small intestines
Approximately, how much of your cholesterol is obtained through the diet?
15%
A compound made by the liver that allows digestion of fats by emulsifying fats or simply breaking them into tiny (5 nm in diameter) droplets?
Bile
Once in the intestinal veins, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Once absorbed by the small intestines, into which organelle do lipids or lipid soluble compounds enter?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which plexus is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the muscularis externa?
Myenteric Nerve Plexus
The process in which the liver breaks fatty acids into acetyl groups which can be used for metabolism, etc?
Beta Oxidation
An enzyme that digests oligosaccharides into individual glucose molecules?
Dextrinase & Glucoamylase
A break-down product from hemoglobin that is found in bile?
bilirubin
To which level must complex carbohydrates be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines?
Monosaccharides
What do the hydrogen ions pumped into the stomach’s lumen combine with to make acid?
Chloride ions (Cl-)
The simple columnar lining of the alimentary canal is known as the?
Epithelium
A specialized enzyme that digests amino acids from the carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain?
Carboxypeptidase
For the chloride shift reaction, do the cells want to produce H+ or remove H+ as water?
Produce H+
During the production of gastric acid, in which cells are the hydrogen ions come from (where they are made)?
Parietal Cells
Where are fatty acids broken into acetyl groups which can be used for metabolism, etc?
Liver
The process in which lactic acid generate in muscles is converted to the usable, pyruvic acid?
Cori Cycle
A compound released by the pancreas which is similar to chymotrypsin in that it digests proteins into smaller, yet still non-absorbable peptides?
Trypsin
The microvilli of the small intestines increase the surface area by a factor of?
20x
In what part of the alimentary canal are most peptic ulcers found?
Duodenum
Once they leave the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, where do lipids or lipid soluble compounds go next?
Golgi Apparatus
Which of the papillae are located along the sides of the tongue?
Foliate
The process of chewing is known as?
Mastication
Once in the hepatic portal vein, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Branches of hepatic portal vein within liver’s lobules
Where are most of the plasma proteins (over 2000) made?
Liver
Cells from the islets of Langerhans which release somatostatin?
Delta cells
What is the name for the mucus producing cells that line most of the GI and respiratory tracts?
Goblet
A disease of the liver which is contracted through the fecal-oral transmission route which usually demonstrates rather mild disease symptoms often with fever?
Hepatitis A
Name the cells of the pancreas that produce the digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions?
Acinar cells
A series of intrinsic neurons located in the GI tract is known as what?
Enteric Nervous System
A general class of enzymes which digest fats?
Lipases
After entering the Golgi apparatus in the intestinal epithelial cells, what happens to the components of the broken-down triglycerides?
Reassembled into triglycerides
Once in the lacteals, where do lipids and lipid soluble compounds go next?
Thoracic Duct
Inflamed out-pocketings of colon which may become clinically significant?
Diverticulosis
Which salivary gland is located on the floor of the mouth?
Sublingual
What drug (found in a local weed) inhibits acetylcholine?
Atropine
Massive accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity causing distension?
Ascites
The reasons that ingested lipids and lipid soluble compounds/toxins/drugs pose a potential problem is?
They bypass the livers detoxification on first pass
Which cells of the stomach release pepsinogen?
Zymogen cells
What percent of the feces is composed of dead bacteria?
30%
Once in the intestinal lumen, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Intestinal Veins
What type of tissue lines the alimentary canal from the stomach through the colon?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Which of the transport processes is demonstrated by the chloride shift?
Counter transport
During the chloride shift what compound is exchanged with the bicarbonate ions?
Chloride
A type of diarrhea caused when food passes through the intestines too fast for water absorption?
Increase motility
These structures allow ingested lipids to enter the intestinal lacteals?
Chylomicrons
Other than nerves and certain chemicals, what stimulates movement and secretion along the gastro-intestinal tract?
Stretch due to the presence of food
Intestinal gas produced by various bacteria is known as?
Flatus
All the folds and folds of the folds, etc. of the small intestines increase the total surface area by a factor of?
600x
Droplets of bile surrounding lipids such as broken down triglycerides which allow these lipids to be absorbed by the intestines?
Micelles
A compound released by the pancreas which is similar to trypsin in that it digests proteins into smaller yet still non-absorbable peptides?
Chymotrypsin
The genus and species of the major bacterium that grows in our colon is?
Escherichia coli
Once through the hepatic sinusoids, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
Central vein
Approximately how much of your cholesterol is made by the liver?
85%
What percent of the feces is composed of fiber?
30%
A term that identifies a structure that produces hormones that are released from ductless glands directly into blood?
Endocrine Functions
Other than the liver, what else stores glycogen?
Muscle
A glycerol with only one fatty acid is known as?
Monosaccharide
Inflammation of colon is known as?
Colitis
A protein in various grains that acts as an allergin in some people?
Gluten
An enzyme produced by the stomach that digests proteins into smaller yet still non-absorbable peptides?
Pepsin
Where is glucagon produced?
Pancreas
Special cells that actively pump hydrogen ions into the stomach’s lumen to create its acid are known as?
parietal cells
Which plexus controls various GI glands and the muscularis mucosa?
Submucosal Nerve Plexus
Structures of the pancreas that carry out most of its endocrine functions?
Islets of Langerhans
What organ releases glucose to increase plasma levels?
Liver
Once in the hepatic veins, where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next?
General circulation via inferior vena cava
Which of the transport processes is demonstrated by the production of gastric acid by the stomach?
Counter transport
The process by which liver makes glucose from non-carbohydrates such as proteins is known as?
Gluconeogenesis
The liver breaks glucose off of which compound in order to increase plasma levels?
Glycogen
What hormone is responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels by increasing hepatic release of glucose?
Glucagon
Larger mushroom-shaped papillae which are scattered over tongues dorsal surface?
Fungiform
Small amounts of blood in the intestines that cannot be readily seen?
Occult Blood
Which nerve stimulates movement and secretion along the GI tract?
vagus
What type of connective tissue makes up the submucosa?
Areolar Connective Tissue
A thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the alimentary canal which serves to increase the surface area to maximize absorption of nutrients?
Muscularis mucosa
B blood presenting from the rectum is known as?
Hematochezia
Where are low density lipoproteins made?
liver
An enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests starch into smaller carbohydrates?
Amylase
Where is bile made?
Liver
The accumulation of bilirubin due to the fact that the liver is unable to break it down?
Jaundice
