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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Contact tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

Carry blood toward heart

A

Veins

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4
Q

Three tunics of arteries and veins

A
  1. Tunica Interna
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
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5
Q

Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels

A

Tunica Interna

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6
Q

Smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by sympathetic nervous system. Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels.

A

Tunica Media

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7
Q

Collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels. Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum “vessels of the vessels” – nourish the external tissues of the blood vessel wall

A

Tunica Externa

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8
Q

“Vessels of the vessels” - nourish the external tissues of the blood vessel wall

A

Vasa Vasorum

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9
Q
  • Large thick-walled arteries with elastin in all three tunics
  • Aorta and its major branches
  • Large lumen offers low-resistance
  • Inactive in vasoconstriction
  • Act as pressure reservoirs—expand and recoil as blood ejected from heart
A

Elastic Arteries

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10
Q
  • Distal to elastic arteries–Deliver blood to body organs
  • Thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
  • Active in vasoconstriction
A

Muscular Arteries

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11
Q
  • Smallest arteries
  • Lead to capillary beds
  • Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction
  • Precapillary sphincter–Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary–Regulates blood flow into the capillary
A

Arterioles

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12
Q
  • Microscopic blood vessels
  • Walls of thin tunica intima
  • Pericytes help stabilize their walls and control permeability
  • Diameter allows only single RBC to pass at a time
  • In all tissues except for cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of eye
  • Functions–Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
A

Capillaries

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13
Q

Three structural types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoid capillaries (sinusoids)
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14
Q
  • Abundant in skin and muscles–Tight junctions connect endothelial cells –Intercellular clefts allow passage of fluids and small solutes
  • Unique in brain –Tight junctions complete, forming blood-brain barrier
  • Least permeable, most common
A

Continuous Capillaries

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15
Q
  • Some endothelial cells contain pores
  • More permeable than continuous capillaries
  • Function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)
A

Fenestrated Capillaries

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16
Q
  • Fewer tight junctions; specialized fenestrated; larger intercellular clefts; large lumens
  • Blood flow sluggish – allows modification–Large molecules and blood cells pass between blood and surrounding tissues
  • Found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla
  • Macrophages in lining to destroy bacteria
  • Most permeable, special locations
A

Sinusoid Capillaries

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17
Q
  • Formed when capillary beds unite–Smallest are the postcapillary ones
  • Larger ones converge to form veins
A

Venules

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18
Q
  1. Have thinner walls, larger lumens compared with corresponding arteries
  2. Blood pressure lower than in arteries
  3. Called capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs); contain up to 65% of blood supply
A

Veins

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19
Q

Adaptations of veins that ensure return of blood to heart despite low pressure

A

–Large-diameter lumens offer little resistance

–Venous valves prevent backflow of blood •Most abundant in veins of limbs

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20
Q

Flattened veins with extremely thin walls (e.g., coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)

A

Venous Sinuses (specialized veins)

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21
Q

Factors aiding venous return

A
  1. Muscular Pump
  2. Respiratory Pump
  3. Venoconstriction
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22
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood toward heart; valves prevent backflow

A

Muscular Pump

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23
Q

Pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand

A

Respiratory Pump

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24
Q

Under sympathetic control pushes blood toward heart

A

Venoconstriction

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25
Q

Merging blood vessels

A

Anastomoses

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26
Q
  • More common in veins than arteries

* Provide alternate pathways (collateral channels) in arteries for blood to reach a given body region

A

Vascular Anastomoses

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27
Q

–Normal in coronary and cerebral circulation

–If one branch is blocked, can supply the area with adequate blood supply

A

Collateral Channels

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28
Q

–Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood (Expressed in mm Hg)
–Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

A

Blood Pressure

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29
Q

–Opposition to flow

–Measure of amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in peripheral (systemic) circulation

A

Resistance

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30
Q

Three important sources of resistance

A
  1. Blood viscosity
  2. Total blood vessel length
  3. Blood vessel diameter
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31
Q

The “stickiness” of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins = increased resistance

A

Blood Viscosity

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32
Q

Longer vessel = greater resistance encountered

A

Blood Vessel Length

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33
Q

Greatest influence on resistance

A

Blood Vessel Diameter

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34
Q

Major determinants of peripheral resistance

A

Small-diameter Arterioles

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35
Q

Dramatically increase resistance

A

Abrupt changes in diameter or fatty plaques from atherosclerosis

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36
Q

Hardening of arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

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37
Q

Three effects of atherosclerosis on resistance

A
  1. Arteriosclerosis increases R –> decreases F –> increases P
  2. Decreased diameter –> increases R –> decreases F –> increases P
  3. Turbulent flow –> increases R –> decreases F –> increases P
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38
Q

Relationship between Resistance and Flow

A

Increased R = Decreased F
Decreased R = Increased F
(Indirect)

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39
Q

Relationship between Resistance and Pressure

A

Increased R = Increased P
Decreased R = Decreased P
(Direct)

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40
Q

Relationship between Pressure and Flow

A

Increased P = Increased F
Decreased P = Decreased F
(Direct)

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41
Q

Relationship between Volume and Pressure

A

Increased V = Increased P
Decreased V = Decreased P
(Direct)

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42
Q
  • Pumping action of heart generates blood flow
  • Results when flow is opposed by resistance
  • Highest in aorta–Declines throughout pathway–0 mm Hg in right atrium
  • Steepest drop occurs in arterioles
A

Systemic Blood Pressure

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43
Q

Arterial blood pressure reflects two factors of arteries close to heart

A
  1. Elasticity (compliance or distensibility)

2. Volume of blood forced into them at any time

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44
Q

Pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction–Averages 120 mmHg in normal adult

A

Systolic Pressure

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45
Q

Lowest level of aortic pressure –~70-80 mmHg in normal adults

A

Diastolic Pressure

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46
Q

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure–Throbbing of arteries (pulse)

A

Pulse Pressure

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47
Q

Pressure that propels blood to tissues

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

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48
Q

MAP =

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure

BP = 130/70, PP = 130-70 = 60
MAP = 70 + 1/3(60) = 90
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49
Q

Both decline with increasing distance from heart

A

Pulse pressure and MAP

50
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure

BP = 130/70, PP = 130-70 = 60

51
Q

Main factors influencing blood pressure

A
  1. Cardiac output (CO)
  2. Peripheral resistance (PR)
  3. Blood volume
52
Q

Blood pressure =

A

Cardiac output x Peripheral resistance

53
Q

Controlled by the cardioinhibitory center via the vagus nerves

A

Resting heart rate

54
Q

Cardioacceleratory center increases heart rate and stroke volume

A

Heart rate under stress

55
Q

Control of blood pressure

A
  • Short-term neural and hormonal controls

* Long-term renal regulation

56
Q

Counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance and CO

A

Short-term neural and hormonal controls of blood pressure

57
Q

Counteracts fluctuations in blood pressure by altering blood volume

A

Long-term renal regulation of blood pressure

58
Q

Detects increased blood pressure and stimulates increase of input to vasomotor center

A

Baroreceptor

59
Q

–Inhibits vasomotor and cardioacceleratory centers, causing arteriole dilation and venodilation (dilation of veins)
–Stimulates cardioinhibitory center
– –> decreased blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

60
Q

In aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2

A

Chemoreceptors

61
Q

Chemoreceptors cause increased blood pressure by:

A

–Signaling cardioacceleratory center –> increase CO

–Signaling vasomotor center –> increase vasoconstriction

62
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

63
Q

Increase blood pressure – cause vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

64
Q

Causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low BP

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

65
Q

Generated by kidney release of renin, which causes vasoconstriction

A

Angiotensin II

66
Q

Chemicals that increase blood pressure

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
ADH (Vasopressin)
Angiotensin II

67
Q

Chemicals that decrease blood pressure

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Inflammatory Chemicals (Histamine)
Alcohol

68
Q

Causes blood volume and pressure to decline (produced by atria of the heart)

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

69
Q

A brief but potent vasodilator

A

Nitric Oxide

70
Q

Inflammatory chemical, a vasodilator

A

Histamine

71
Q

Causes BP to drop by inhibiting ADH

A

Alcohol

72
Q

Long-term mechanism that controls BP by altering blood volume via kidneys

A

Renal Regulation

73
Q

Two ways kidneys regulate arterial BP

A
  1. Direct renal mechanism

2. Indirect renal (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) mechanism

74
Q

Alters blood volume independently of hormones
–Increased BP or blood volume causes elimination of more urine, thus reducing BP
–Decreased BP or blood volume causes kidneys to conserve water, and BP rises

A

Direct Renal Mechanism

75
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
– Decreased Arterial blood pressure –> release of renin
–Renin catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen from liver to angiotensin I
–Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), especially from lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

Indirect Renal Mechanism

76
Q

Functions of Angiotensin II

A
  1. Vasoconstrictor - Short
  2. Increase thirst (Hypothalamus) - Long
  3. Increase ADH (Post Pituitary) - Long
  4. Increase Aldosterone (Adrenal Cortex) - Long

Long –> Increase BV –> Increase BP

77
Q

Vital Signs

A
  1. Pulse
  2. Blood pressure
  3. Respiratory rate
  4. Body temperature
78
Q

Pulse

A

Pressure wave caused by expansion and recoil of arteries

79
Q

–Measured indirectly by auscultatory method using a sphygmomanometer
–Pressure increased in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
–Pressure released slowly and examiner listens for sounds of Korotkoff with a stethoscope

A

Systemic Arterial BP

80
Q

Normally less than 120 mm Hg, is pressure when sounds first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery

A

Systolic Pressure

81
Q

Normally less than 80 mm Hg, is pressure when sounds disappear because artery no longer constricted; blood flowing freely

A

Diastolic Pressure

82
Q

Variations in Blood Pressure

A
  • Transient elevations occur during changes in posture, physical exertion, emotional upset, fever.
  • Age, sex, weight, race, mood, and posture may cause BP to vary
83
Q

Normotensive BP

A

120-129/80-84

84
Q

Pre-Hypertensive BP

A

130-139/85-89

85
Q

Hypertensive BP

A

> 140/90

86
Q

Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher

A

Hypertension

87
Q

If values elevated but not yet in hypertension range
•May be transient adaptations during fever, physical exertion, and emotional upset
•Often persistent in obese people

A

Pre-Hypertension

88
Q

A major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke. 90% of hypertensive conditions.

A

Primary Hypertension

89
Q

Risk factors for primary hypertension

A

Heredity, diet, obesity, age, diabetes mellitus, stress, and smoking

90
Q

Ways to control, not cure, primary hypertension

A

–Restrict salt, fat, cholesterol intake
–Increase exercise, lose weight, stop smoking
–Antihypertensive drugs

91
Q

–Due to identifiable disorders including obstructed renal arteries, kidney disease, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome (hyperadrenalism)
–Treatment focuses on correcting underlying cause

A

Secondary Hypertension

92
Q

Low blood pressure

–Blood pressure below 90/60 mm Hg

A

Hypotension

93
Q

When hypotension is a concern

A

Only if leads to inadequate blood flow to tissues

94
Q

Often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness

A

Hypotension

95
Q

Temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from sitting or reclining position

A

Orthostatic Hypotension

96
Q

Hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease or hypothyroidism

A

Chronic Hypotension

97
Q

Important sign of circulatory shock; threat for surgical patients and those in ICU

A

Acute Hypotension

98
Q
  • Automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue relative to its varying requirements
  • Controlled intrinsically by modifying diameter of local arterioles feeding capillaries
A

Autoregulation

99
Q

Two types of autoregulation

A

–Metabolic controls

–Myogenic controls

100
Q

Metabolic Controls

A

•Vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters occur in response to
–Declining tissue O2
–Substances from metabolically active tissues (H+, K+, adenosine, and prostaglandins) and inflammatory chemicals

101
Q

Myogenic Controls

A

•Vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
–Passive stretch (increased intravascular pressure) promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction
–Reduced stretch promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue

102
Q

Constant as neurons intolerant of ischemia

A

Blood flow to the brain

103
Q

Decrease in blood flow –> hypoxia

A

Ischemia

104
Q

Metabolic control of blood flow to the brain

A

Decreased pH or increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasodilation

105
Q

Myogenic controls of blood flow to the brain

A

–Decreased MAP causes cerebral vessels to dilate

–Increased MAP causes cerebral vessels to constrict

106
Q

Vulnerable under extreme systemic pressure changes

A

Brain

107
Q

MAP below 60 mm Hg can cause …

A

Syncope (fainting)

108
Q

MAP above 160 can result in …

A

Cerebral Edema

109
Q

Bruce Lee died of …

A

Cerebral Edema

110
Q

Long-Term Autoregulation

A

Occurs when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements

111
Q

Angiogenesis

A
  1. Number of vessels to region increases and existing vessels enlarge
  2. Common in heart when coronary vessel occluded, or throughout body in people in high-altitude areas
112
Q

Blood flow increases in direct proportion to metabolic activity

A

Active or Exercise Hyperemia

113
Q

Blood flow during muscle activity

A
  • Active or exercise hyperemia

* Local controls override sympathetic vasoconstriction •Muscle blood flow can increase 10x

114
Q

Blood flow to the heart during strenuous exercise

A

–Coronary vessels dilate in response to local accumulation of vasodilators
–Blood flow may increase three to four times

115
Q

Blood flow through the skin

A

–Supplies nutrients to cells (autoregulation in response to O2 need)
–Helps regulate body temperature (neurally controlled) – primary function of cutaneous circulation
–Provides a blood reservoir (neurally controlled)

116
Q

•Any condition in which
1.Blood vessels inadequately filled
2.Blood cannot circulate normally
•Results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs

A

Circulatory Shock

117
Q

Three types of circulatory shock

A
  1. Hypovolemic shock
  2. Vascular shock
  3. Cardiogenic shock
118
Q

Results from large-scale blood loss

A

Hypovolemic Shock

119
Q

Results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

A

Vascular Shock

120
Q

Results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation. Ex) myocardial damage (multiple infarcts)

A

Cardiogenic Shock

121
Q

A systemic allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic Shock

122
Q

The heart pumps blood by …

A

The 4th week of development

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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