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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones that circulate in the blood without carriers.

A

Free (all hormones except steroids and TH)

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2
Q

All amino acid–based hormones except thyroid hormone.

A

Water-soluble Hormones

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3
Q

PTH release chiefly regulated by …

A

Rising Ca2+ in blood inhibits PTH release (neg. feedback)

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4
Q

Triangular gland partially behind stomach, has both exocrine and endocrine cells

A

Pancreas

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5
Q

Affects: Ca Balance of Blood

Action: stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorption of Ca and secretion of P by kidneys, increases absorption of Ca by intestinal mucosa

Triggered By: Humoral

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Hormones that circulate in the blood attached to plasma proteins.

A

Bound (steroids and TH)

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8
Q

The two main classes of hormones.

A

Amino-acid based

Steroids

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9
Q

Long-distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph.

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Affects: Cardiovascular System – Heart/Metabolic Activities

Action: blood glucose levels rise, heart beats faster, blood diverted to brain, heart, and skel. muscles

Triggered By: Neural

A

Epinephrine

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11
Q

Affects: Ovaries/Testes

Action: stimulate gamete (ova/sperm) production

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (Gonadotropin)

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12
Q

Affects: Blood

Action: lowers blood glucose levels, enhances transport of glucose into body cells, counters metabolic activity that would increase blood glucose levels

Triggered By: Humoral

A

Insulin

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13
Q

Other tissues and organs that produce hormones?

A

Adipose cells

Pockets of cells in the walls of the small intestine

Stomach

Kidneys

Heart

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14
Q

Each adrenal gland is structurally and functionally made of these two endocrine glands.

A

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

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15
Q

Affects: Reproductive System

Action: mature reproduc. organs, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, libido, sperm production, maintains function of sex organs

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Insulin release chiefly regulated by …

A

•Elevated blood glucose levels – primary stimulus •Rising blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids •Hormones glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine, glucocorticoids

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17
Q

ADH hypersecretion (after neurosurgery, trauma, or secreted by cancer cells). Retention of fluid, headache, disorientation. Fluid restriction; blood sodium level monitoring.

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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18
Q

Bones soften and deform, elevated Ca2+ depresses nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones

A

Hyperparathyroidism due to tumor

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19
Q

Affects: Cardiovascular System - Peripheral

Action: peripheral vasoconstriction, raises blood pressure

Triggered By: Neural

A

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus.

A

Endocrine Glands (Ductless Glands)

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21
Q

Cortisol hyposecretion

–Decrease in glucose and Na+ levels

–Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension

A

Addison’s Disease

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22
Q

Cortisol hypersecretion

–Depresses cartilage and bone formation

–Inhibits inflammation (slowing tissue repair)

–Depresses the immune system

–Promotes changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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23
Q

Largest endocrine gland.

A

Thyroid

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24
Q

Affects: Skeleton (active mostly in kids)

Action: inhibit osteoclast activity, inhibits release of Ca from bone matrix, stimulates Ca uptake into bone matrix

Triggered By: Humoral

A

Calcitonin

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25
Q

Hormones that act on plasma membrane receptors via G protein second messenger and cannot enter cell.

A

Water-soluble Hormones

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26
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones (2) (Secretes)

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

(Catecholamines)

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

Inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility in females, and impotence in males.

A

Hypersecretion of PRL

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29
Q

Cretinism

A

TH hyposecretion in infants

— dwarfed stature, mental retardation (mother was deficient in iodine)

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Levels decline with age and this accounts for muscle atrophy with age

A

Testosterone and GH

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32
Q

Myxedema

A

TH hyposecretion in adults (severe hypothyroidism)

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

Affects: Electrolytes in extracellular fluids

Action: maintains Na balance (by reducing excretion of Na from body), stimulates reabsorption of Na by the kidneys Triggered

By: Hormonal

A

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)

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35
Q

Declines with age, contributing to lower basal metabolic rates

A

Thyroid Hormone

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36
Q

Affects: Bone, Skeletal Muscle, Liver, Cartilage

Action: promote protein synth.; encourage use of fats for fuel (lipolysis), inhibits glucose uptake

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Growth Hormone (GH) (Somatotropin)

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37
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones (7) (Secretes)

A

Growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Prolactin (PRL)

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

Hormone action on target cells may be to …

A

–Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels

–Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins

–Activate or deactivate enzymes

–Induce secretory activity

–Stimulate mitosis

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40
Q

Time required for hormone’s blood level to decrease by half.

A

Half-life

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41
Q

Secreted from pinealocytes and derived from seratonin

A

Melatonin

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42
Q

Pineal Gland Hormone (Secretes)

A

Melatonin

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43
Q

Produced by parafollicular (C) cells and is an antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Calcitonin

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44
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones - Layer Zona Fasciculata (Secretes)

A

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

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45
Q

Produce both hormones and exocrine products.

A

The Pancreas and Gonads

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46
Q

TSH release chiefly regulated by …

A

– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

– Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones (negative feedback)

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47
Q

Local chemical messengers that will NOT be considered part of the endocrine system.

A

Autocrines and Paracrines

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48
Q

ACTH release chiefly regulated by …

A

– Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

– Internal and external factors such as fever, hypoglycemia, and stressors can alter release of CRH

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49
Q

Environmental factors that disrupt hormone function

A

Exposure to pesticides

Industrial chemicals

Arsenic

Dioxin

Soil and water pollutants

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50
Q

Anabolic Hormones (increase protein synthesis)

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Growth hormone
  3. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
  4. Insulin
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51
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

TH hyposecretion in adults – most common cause of hypothyroidism (autoimmune disease)

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52
Q

Thymus Hormones (2) (Secretes)

A

Thymopoietins

Thymosins

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

The body’s second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones.

A

Endocrine System

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55
Q

Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them.

A

Autocrines

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56
Q
A
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57
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones (2) (Stores)

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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58
Q
A
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59
Q

Controlled by negative feedback systems and vary only within a narrow, desirable range.

A

Blood levels of hormones (ex: blood sugar)

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60
Q

Natural TH medications

A

Natrathroid Westhroid

Armor

(T3,T4 - measured in grains)

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61
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones - Layer Zona Glomerulosa (Secretes)

A

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)

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62
Q
A
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63
Q

– Vascular connection to hypothalamus

– Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus to regulate hormone secretion

A

Anterior Pituitary Lobe (Adenohypophysis)

64
Q
A
65
Q

One or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone.

A

Antagonism (ex: insulin and glucagon)

66
Q

Graves’ disease

A

TH hypersecretion

— most common cause of hyperthyroidism

– characterized by goiter (enlarged thyroid) and exopthalmos (protuberance of one or both eyes)

67
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Aldosterone hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors

–Hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+

–Excretion of K+ leading to abnormal function of neurons and muscle

68
Q

Seven steps to maximize exercise hormone profile

A

1) Use multi-joint movements (i.e squats, hang cleans, power cleans, dead lifts).
2) Work large muscle groups first (i.e. quadriceps, hamstrings).
3) Lift heavy loads – which increases the number of muscle fibers recruited.
4) Decrease rest in between sets.
5) Perform high intensity interval training.
6) Keep workouts under 60 minutes.
7) Ingest 60g of carbohydrates (ideally high glycemic carbs –i.e. glucose polymers) and 30g of protein within 30 minutes of completing your workout.

69
Q

System that modifies stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanisms. Can also override normal endocrine controls.

A

Nervous System (ex: severe stress –> blood glucose levels rise)

70
Q
A
71
Q
A
72
Q

Three layers of the adrenal cortex

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis

*(GFR = Good For Remembering)

73
Q

Gonads

A

Female ovaries (+ Placenta)

Male testes

74
Q

Affects: Adrenal Cortex

Action: adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids

Triggered By: Hormonal due to Humoral

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (Corticotropin)

75
Q

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones.

A

Humoral Stimuli (ex: Ca in blood –> PTH)

76
Q

Affects: Ovaries/Testes

Action: In females: works w/FSH for maturation of ovarian follicle, alone triggers ovulation, promotes release estrogens/progesterone In males: stimulates testes to produce testosterone

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (Gonadotropin)

77
Q

Hyperactivity of insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (Insulin resistant)

78
Q

Affects: Blood

Action: Helps body resist stress: keeping blood sugar levels constant, maintaining blood volume/preventing water shift into tissue; Cortisol provokes: gluconeogenisis (formation of glucose from non carbs), rises in blood glucose/fatty acids/amino acids

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

79
Q

Class of hormones that includes amino-acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins. These hormones are usually water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane.

A

Amino-acid based hormones

80
Q

Catabolic Hormones

A
  1. Cortisol
81
Q

Hormones that act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes and can enter cell.

A

Lipid-soluble Hormones

82
Q

Synthetic TH medications

A

Levothyroxin (Synthroid) (T4)

Cytomel (T3)

(measured in mg)

83
Q

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them.

A

Paracrines

84
Q

Affects: Puberty/Libido

Action: contribute to onset of puberty/appearance of secondary sex characteristics; sex drive in males/ females

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)

85
Q

Affects: All of body

Action: Glucose oxidation, increase metabolic rate, heat production; partially involved in maintaining BP, regulating tissue growth, developing skel./nervous systems, maturation/reproductive capabilities (libido)

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Thyroid Hormone (TH) Splits into:

  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
86
Q

Affects: Rythmic variations/cycles

Action: affects day/night cycles, physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temp./sleep/appetite)

Triggered By: Neural

A

Melatonin

87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q

Affects: Kidneys, Water Balance

Action: prevents urine formation (diuresis)

Triggered By: Humoral

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)

90
Q

Thyroid Hormones (2) (Secretes)

A

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Calcitonin

91
Q

ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage. Huge output of urine and intense thirst. Must keep well-hydrated.

A

Diabetes insipidus

92
Q

Paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop kidneys. Structurally and functionally are two glands in one.

A

Adrenal Glands

93
Q

Affects: Liver

Action: Glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen into glucose); Gluconeogenesis (synth. of glucose from lactic acid/noncarbs); release of glucose to blood from liver cells

Triggered By: Humoral (sometimes Neural)

A

Glucagon

94
Q

Concentration of circulating hormone reflects …

A

–Rate of release

–Speed of inactivation and removal from body

95
Q
A
96
Q

–Excessive insulin secretion

–Causes hypoglycemia

  • Low blood glucose levels
  • Anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, even death –Treated by sugar ingestion
A

Hyperinsulinsim

97
Q

Three cardinal signs of Diabetes mellitus

A
  1. Polyuria—huge urine output

•Glucose acts as osmotic diuretic

  1. Polydipsia—excessive thirst

•From water loss due to polyuria

  1. Polyphagia—excessive hunger and food consumption

•Cells cannot take up glucose; are “starving”

98
Q

Endemic goiter

A

TH hyposecretion in adults

– enlargement of the thyroid due to lack of iodine

99
Q

Hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat and palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness, sweating

A

Catecholamine hypersecretion

100
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones.

A

Lipid-soluble Hormones

101
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.

A

Neural Stimuli (ex: nerves –> adrenal medulla –> epinephrine)

102
Q

Three hormones produced by adipose tissue

A
  1. Leptin – appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
  2. Resistin – insulin antagonist
  3. Adiponectin – enhances sensitivity to insulin
103
Q

Tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death

A

Hypoparathyroidism following gland trauma or removal or dietary magnesium deficiency

104
Q

Class of hormones synthesized from cholesterol. Only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones. These hormones are all lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.

A

Steroids

105
Q

Normal blood levels of fasting glucose

A

70-100mg/dl

106
Q

Three types of hormone interaction.

A
  1. Permissiveness
  2. Synergism
  3. Antagonism
107
Q

Hyposecretion of insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus Type 1 (Insulin dependent)

108
Q

Affects: Smooth Muscle in Breasts/Uterus

Action: Uterine contractions during child birth, ejection of milk

Triggered By: Humoral

A

Oxytocin

109
Q

Hormones are removed from blood by …

A

–Degrading enzymes

–Kidneys

–Liver

110
Q

Not life threatening, but may contribute to fatigue

A

Catecholamine hyposecretion

111
Q

Hormones bring about their characteristic effects by ______________, increasing or decreasing the rates of normal cellular processes.

A

altering target cell activity

112
Q

More than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell.

A

Synergism (ex: glucagon and epi in release of liver glucose)

113
Q
A
114
Q

Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels.

A

Down-regulation

115
Q

Affects: Immune System

Action: develop T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

Thymopoietins and Thymosins

116
Q

Three types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones:

A
  1. Humoral stimuli
  2. Neural stimuli
  3. Hormonal stimuli
117
Q

– Neural connection to hypothalamus.

– Neurohormones are transported to and stored here.

A

Posterior Pituitary Lobe (Neurohypophysis)

118
Q
A
119
Q

Affects: Thyroid Gland

Action: stimulate normal development/activity of thyroid

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

120
Q

Two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones.

A

Pituitary Gland

121
Q

Four to eight tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

A

Parathyroid Glands

122
Q
A
123
Q

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones.

A

Hormonal Stimuli

124
Q
A
125
Q

Pregnancy hormone also used as fertility drug in females and hypogonadism in males.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

126
Q

Mineralcorticoid release chiefly regulated by …

A
  • Decreasing blood volume and blood pressure
  • Rising blood levels of K+
127
Q

Target cells must have specific receptors to which hormone binds.

A

Target Cell Specificity

128
Q

TH release chiefly regulated by …

A

– Rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of TSH

– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) can overcome negative feedback during pregnancy or exposure to cold

129
Q

Though hormones circulate systemically only cells with receptors for that hormone are affected.

A

Target Cells

130
Q

Tissues with receptors for specific hormone.

A

Target Cells

131
Q

Synthesize epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

A

Medullary chromaffin cells

132
Q

Hormone produced by the heart

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

  • decreases blood Na+ concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume
133
Q

Levels remain fairly constant with age, but lack of estrogen in older women makes them more vulnerable to bone-demineralizing

A

PTH

134
Q

Androgen hypersecretion

–Not noticeable in adult males

–Females and prepubertal males

  • Boys – reproductive organs mature; secondary sex characteristics emerge early
  • Females – beard, masculine pattern of body hair; clitoris resembles small penis
A

Adrenogenital Syndrome (masculinization)

135
Q

Target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels.

A

Up-regulation

136
Q

Gonadal Hormones (3) (Produce)

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

Testosterone

137
Q

Small gland hanging from roof of third ventricle

A

Pineal Gland

138
Q

Three factors that target cell activation depends on:

A
  1. Blood levels of hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on or in target cell
  3. Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
139
Q

Produce non-hormonal substances, such as sweat and saliva, and have ducts that carry these substances to a membrane surface.

A

Exocrine Glands

140
Q

Affects: Reproductive System

Action: mature reproduc. organs, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, breast development/cyclic changes in uterine mucosa

Triggered By: Hormonal

A

Estrogen/Progesterone

141
Q

Four hormones produced by the enteroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tract

A
  1. Gastrin stimulates release of HCl
  2. Secretin stimulates liver and pancreas
  3. Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter
  4. Serotonin acts as paracrine (gastric motility)
142
Q

Hormone produced by the skin

A

Cholecalciferol (D3) from 7-dehydrocholesterol, the precursor of vitamin D

143
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones - Zona Reticularis (Secretes)

A

Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)

144
Q

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present.

A

Permissiveness (ex: TH and reproductive system)

145
Q

– In children results in gigantism

– In adults results in acromegaly

A

GH Hypersecretion

146
Q
A
147
Q

In children results in pituitary dwarfism

A

GH Hyposecretion

148
Q

Gonadotropin release chiefly regulated by …

A

– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty

– Suppressed by gonadal hormones (neg. feedback)

149
Q

Stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones.

A

Releasing hormones (made by hypothalamus)

150
Q

Two hormones produced by the kidneys

A
  1. Erythropoietin - signals production of red blood cells 2. Renin - initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
151
Q

GH release chiefly regulated by …

A

– Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH)

– Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) (somatostatin)

– Ghrelin (hunger hormone) also stimulates release

152
Q

Has both neural functions and releases hormones.

A

The Hypothalamus

153
Q

Pancreatic Hormones (2) (Secretes)

A

Glucagon (alpha Langerhans)

Insulin (beta Langerhans)

154
Q

PRL release chiefly regulated by …

A

– Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (Dopamine)

155
Q

Shut off the synthesis and release of hormones.

A

Inhibiting hormones (made by hypothalamus)

156
Q

Affects: Mammary Glands

Action: stimulates milk production

Triggered By: Hormonal due to Humoral

A

Prolactin (PRL)

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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