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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs

A

Leukopenia

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2
Q

Regulation functions of blood.

A
  • Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
  • Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
  • Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
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3
Q

Low RBC production anemias (4)

A

Iron-deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Renal anemia
Aplastic anemia

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4
Q

Blood loss anemias (2)

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

Chronic hemorrhagic anemia

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5
Q

–Widespread clotting blocks occurs in intact blood vessels

–Severe bleeding occurs because residual blood unable to clot

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

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6
Q

Clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel

–May block circulation leading to tissue death

A

Thrombus

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7
Q

Three groups of anemia

A
  1. Blood loss
  2. Low RBC production
  3. High RBC destruction
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8
Q 
–Caused by 
      •hemorrhagic anemia 
      •low iron intake
      •impaired absorption
–Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
–Iron supplements to treat
A

Iron-deficiency anemia

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9
Q

Distribution functions of blood.

A
  • Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
  • Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
  • Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
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10
Q

Undesirable clot formation

A

Thromboembolic disorders

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11
Q

Overproduction of abnormal WBC’s (cancer), fatal if not treated.

A

Leukemia

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12
Q

Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis.

A

Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Iron
Vitamin B12 and folic acid

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13
Q
  • Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities
  • Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors
A

Hemophilia

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14
Q

–Blood loss rapid (e.g., stab wound)

–Treated by blood replacement

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

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15
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood

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16
Q

Serum containing anti-Rh can prevent Rh– mother from becoming sensitized

A

RhoGAM

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17
Q

Tissue hypoxia

A

Too few RBC’s

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18
Q

Blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

A

Anemia

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19
Q

Embolus obstructing a vessel

A

Embolism

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20
Q
  • Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

* Requires clotting factors, and substances released by platelets and injured tissues

A

Hemostasis = stoppage of bleeding

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21
Q

Blood cell formation

A

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

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22
Q

Occurs in the red bone marrow of the axial skeleton and girdles, proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur.

A

Hematopoiesis

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23
Q

The life span of an erythrocyte is …

A

100 - 120 days

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24
Q
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Granules lysosome-like–Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms
  • Role in allergies and asthma
  • Role in modulating immune response
A

Eosinophils

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25
Q

Transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues

A

Graft-versus-host-disease

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26
Q

Universal recipient

A

Type AB+

–No anti-A or anti-B antibodies

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27
Q

Free iron ions stored in …

A

Ferritin

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28
Q

Involves myeloblast descendants

A

Myeloid leukemia

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29
Q

–Lack of EPO
–Often accompanies renal disease
–Treated with synthetic EPO

A

Renal anemia

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30
Q
  • Defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin (HbS). •Causes RBCs to become crescent shaped in low-oxygen situations
  • The cells rupture easily
  • One defective gene – usually do not have symptoms but can pass it to their children – gives increased immunity to malaria
A

Sickle-cell anemia

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31
Q

Hemoglobin binds _________ with oxygen.

A

reversibly (can bind to and detach from)

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32
Q

Anticoagulant drugs (4)

A
  • Aspirin
  • Heparin
  • Warfarin (Coumadin)
  • Dabigatran
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33
Q

Decrease in WBC’s

A

Leukopenia

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34
Q

Factor IX deficiency

A

Hemophilia B

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35
Q

Percent of blood volume that is RBCs

A

Hematocrit

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36
Q

•Highly contagious viral disease
–Epstein-Barr virus
•Symptoms–Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
•Runs course with rest

A

Infectious Mononucleosis

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37
Q

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on …

A

–Hormonal controls

–Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

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38
Q

These three things make up the formed elements …

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)
  • Platelets
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39
Q

Bone marrow cancer –> excess RBCs

–Severely increased blood viscosity

A

Polycthemia vera

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40
Q
  • Cancerous leukocytes fill red bone marrow
  • Immature nonfunctional WBCs in bloodstream
  • Death from internal hemorrhage; overwhelming infections
  • Treatments–Irradiation, antileukemic drugs; stem cell transplants
A

Leukemia

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41
Q

The only complete cells in the blood.

A

WBC’s (leukocytes)

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42
Q

Red blood cell formation

A

Erythropoiesis

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43
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O-

–No A or B antigens

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44
Q

Color of blood

A

Varies from scarlet to dark red

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45
Q

–Inability to synthesize procoagulants
–Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis
–Impaired fat absorption and liver disease can also prevent liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption

A

Impaired liver function (bleeding disorder)

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46
Q

Have no nuclei or organelles.

A

RBC’s (erythrocytes)

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47
Q

Used to classify blood cells into different groups

A

Presence or absence of each antigen

48
Q

•Largest leukocytes
•Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
•U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
•Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
–Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses,
intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
•Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

A

Monocytes

49
Q

Granulocytes (3)

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

50
Q

Cell fragments.

A

Platelets

51
Q

It involves proliferation of later cell stages, primarily affects older adults

A

Chronic leukemia

52
Q

Structural characteristics of erythrocytes that contribute to gas transport. (Complementarity of structure and function)

A

–Biconcave shape—huge surface area relative to volume
–>97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
–No mitochondria; ATP production anaerobic; do not consume O2 they transport

53
Q
  • Fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
  • Age quickly; degenerate in about 10 days
A

Platelets (Thrombrocytes)

54
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A 
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
55
Q

Effects of EPO

A

–Rapid maturation of committed marrow cells

–Increased circulating reticulocyte (immature red blood cells) count in 1–2 days

56
Q

Agranulocytes (2)

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

57
Q

90% water
Over 100 dissolved solutes

•60% albumin; 36% globulins; 4% fibrinogen

A

Blood Plasma

58
Q

Increased blood viscosity

A

Too many RBC’s

59
Q

Involves lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytic leukemia

60
Q

–Typically Mediterranean ancestry
–RBCs thin, delicate, deficient in Hb
–Most common genetic disorder worldwide
–Many subtypes

A

Thalassemias

61
Q

Mild type, factor XI deficiency

A

Hemophilia C

62
Q

Non-living fluid matrix

A

Plasma

63
Q

Give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

A

B Lymphocytes (B Cells)

64
Q
  • Positive feedback cycle
  • Damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers

–Limited to the immediate area of injury by prostacyclin (a prostaglandin)

A

Platelet Plug Formation

65
Q

Produces deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

A

O2 unloading in tissues

66
Q

Temperature of blood

A

100.4 F (38 C)

67
Q

Protection functions of blood.

A 
•Preventing blood loss
       –Plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation
•Preventing infection 
       –Antibodies
       –Complement proteins
       –WBCs
68
Q

If mismatched blood is transfused …

A

•Donor’s cells
1.Attacked by recipient’s plasma agglutinins
2.Agglutinate and clog small vessels
3.Rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream
•Result in
4.Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
5.Diminished blood flow beyond blocked vessels
6.Hemoglobin in kidney tubules –> renal failure

69
Q

The 8 formed elements of the blood originating from hemocytoblasts

A 
Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
70
Q

–Slight but persistent blood loss (hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer)
–Primary problem treated

A

Chronic hemorrhagic anemia

71
Q
  • Biconcave discs (increases surface area)
  • Anucleate (without a nucleus)
  • No organelles
  • Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) - a protein that functions in gas transport
  • Major factor contributing to blood viscosity
A

RBC’s (erythrocytes)

72
Q

Most common type (77% of all cases), factor VIII deficiency

A

Hemophilia A

73
Q

Involves both thromboembolic and bleeding disorders

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

74
Q

Small purple blotches on the skin appear due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage

A

Petechiae

75
Q

Fatty plaques that form in walls of arteries

A

Atheroslerosis

76
Q

Living blood “cells” suspended in plasma

A

Formed elements

77
Q

The pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

78
Q

WBC count over 11,000 / mm3

–Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery

A

Leukocytosis

79
Q

Abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation•

A

Bleeding disorders

80
Q

Three phases of coagulation

A
  1. Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
  2. Prothrombin is converted into thrombin
  3. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
81
Q

Production of WBC’s

A

Leukopoiesis

82
Q
  • Most numerous WBCs
  • Also called Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or polys)
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
  • 3-6 lobes in nucleus; ~twice size of RBCs
  • Very phagocytic—”bacteria slayers”
A

Neutrophils

83
Q

–Recipient’s red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts
–Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections

A

Bone marrow transplant

84
Q

High RBC production anemias (3) (genetic)

A

Hemolytic anemia
Thalassemia
Sickle-cell anemia

85
Q

Three occurrences of DIC

A
  1. Pregnancy complication
  2. Septicemia - bacteria in blood
  3. Incompatible blood transfusions
86
Q

Overload storage of free iron ions is in …

A

Hemosiderin

87
Q
  • Second most numerous WBC
  • Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm
  • Mostly in lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen); few circulate in blood
  • Crucial to immunity
A

Lymphocytes

88
Q

Can leave capillaries via diapedesis and move through tissue spaces

A

WBC’s (leukocytes)

89
Q

Occurs in Rh– mom with Rh+ fetus (after first exposure)

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

90
Q

Free iron ions transported in blood bound to …

A

Transferrin

91
Q

20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb –> carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 loading in tissues

92
Q
  • Rarest WBCs
  • Nucleus deep purple•Large, purplish-black granules contain histamine
  • Are functionally similar to mast cells
A

Basophils

93
Q

Derives from stem cells; primarily affects children

A

Acute leukemia

94
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to all formed elements

A

Hemocytoblasts

95
Q

Thrombus freely floating in bloodstream

A

Embolus

96
Q

–Anything perceived as foreign; generates an immune response

–Promoters of agglutination(clumping of cells); called agglutinogens

A

Antigens

97
Q

Hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, direct stimulus for erythropoiesis.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

98
Q

Three steps of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm –immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
99
Q

Two categories of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

100
Q 
–Premature RBC lysis
–Caused by 
     •Hb abnormalities
     •Incompatible transfusions
     •Infections
A

Hemolytic anemias

101
Q

–Destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs, chemicals, radiation, viruses
–Usually cause unknown
–Treated short-term with transfusions; long-term with transplanted stem cells

A

Aplastic anemia

102
Q

An abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity, causing it to flow sluggishly.

A

Polycthemia

103
Q

Two types of secondary polycthemia

A
  1. Less O2 available (high altitude) or EPO production increases –> higher RBC count
  2. Blood doping
104
Q

Leukocyte abundance in blood (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

A 
Neutrophils (most)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils (least)
105
Q

–It is a symptom rather than a disease itself
–Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism
–Signs/symptoms include: fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

A

Anemia

106
Q

Deficient number of circulating platelets
–Petechiae
–Due to suppression or destruction of red bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation, drugs)
–Platelet count <50,000/μl is diagnostic
–Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

107
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

–Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
–Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
–Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)

108
Q

Inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator to attract WBCs to inflamed sites

A

Histamine

109
Q

–Sympton most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease atrophic gastritis
–Lack of intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12
•Deficiency of vitamin B12 (RDA for B12 is 2.4mcg/day)
–RBCs cannot divide –> macrocytic anemia
–Treated with B12injections, sublingual, or nasal gel
–Also caused by low dietary B12 (vegetarians)
–1% of B12 is absorbed passively

A

Pernicious anemia

110
Q

Athletes who abuse EPO are at risk for …

A

Increased blood viscosity which could lead to clotting, stroke, or heart failure.

111
Q

Average blood volume

A

5-6 L in males

4-5 L in females

112
Q

Three main functions of blood.

A
  1. Distributing substances
  2. Regulating blood levels of substances
  3. Protection
113
Q

Blood accounts for _______ of body weight.

A

8%

114
Q

Produces oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

A

O2 loading in lungs

115
Q

Act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

A

T Lymphocytes (T Cells)

116
Q

–Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth
–Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely
–Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease

A

Cord-blood transplant

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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