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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Basic Concepts in Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Concepts in Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The following describes what anatomical plane:

vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

A

coronal (frontal) plane

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2
Q

The following describes what anatomical plane:

vertical plane that divides into right and left portions

A

sagittal plane

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3
Q

The following describes what anatomical plane:

the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves at the precise midline

A

median plane

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4
Q

The following describes what anatomical plane:

horizontal plane that divides into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

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5
Q 
Define the following terms of laterality:
bilateral
unilateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
A

bilateral: present on both sides
unilateral: present on one side only
ipsilateral: on the same side as another structure
contralateral: on the opposite side from another structure

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6
Q

Describe what happens to the angle between bones or body parts during flexion and extension

A

flexion: angle decreases
extension: angle increases

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7
Q

_____ is moving away from the median plane, while ____ is moving toward the median plane

A

abduction; adduction

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8
Q

The ______ skeletal system consists of the cranium, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the ____ skeletal system forms the limbs with their girdles

A

axial; appendicular

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9
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

patella (sesamoid means seed-shaped)

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10
Q

The shaft or body of the bone is called what?

A

diaphysis

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11
Q

What are the epiphyses of a bone?

A

proximal and distal ends

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12
Q

Define metaphysis

A

junction between diaphysis and epiphysis located either on epiphyseal line (adult bone) or epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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13
Q

The interior of diaphysis containing bone marrow is called a ___ cavity

A

medullary

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14
Q

What is connective tissue covering of the external bone surface called? - tendons of muscles intermingle with this tissue to unite muscles to bones

A

periosteum

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15
Q

connective tissue lining the medullary cavity is called what?

A

endosteum

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16
Q

The ____ foramen is the opening in the diaphysis allowing the main artery and vein to pass to the medullary cavity

A

nutrient

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17
Q

In regards to neurovascular blood supply to bone, the ___ artery is the largest and passes through the nutrient foramen

A

nutrient

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18
Q

In regards to neurovascular blood supply to bone, smaller epiphyseal and metaphysical arteries arise from where?

A

joint supplying arteries

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19
Q

____ blood supply is crucial for bone survival

A

periosteum

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20
Q

True or false?

Primary innervation is different from those innervating the blood vessels (vasomotor)

A

false, it is the same

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21
Q

True or false?

Bone is very sensitive to pain

A

false, relatively insensitive

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22
Q

In regards to cartilage, avascular connective tissue is located at sites of increased ___

A

flexibility

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23
Q

Describe where each of the following types of cartilage are found:
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

A

hyaline: most common and is found coating the articular surface of most bones and also forms costal cartilage and tracheal rings
elastic: forms the external ear and epiglottis
fibrocartilage: forms articular discs at various joints, intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis

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24
Q

Define joint

A

where two bones come together

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25
Q

Describe the location of the following three types of fibrous joints:
sutures
syndesomosis
gomphosis

A

sutures: between bones of skull, minimal amounts of fibrous tissue
syndesmosis: bones connected by a sheet of dense connective tissue
gomphosis: tooth root joined to bony socket by periodontal ligament

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26
Q

Describe the following two types of cartilaginous joints:
synchondrosis
symphysis

A

synchondrosis: joined by hyaline cartilage (ex: costochondral junction between ribs and costal cartilages, epiphyseal growth plates)
symphysis: joined by fibrocartilage (ex: intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis)

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27
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

fluid-filled joint cavity, results in increased flexibility between hyaline covered articular surfaces. All synovial joints are diarthroses.

28
Q

Articular cartilage is mostly __ cartilage

A

hyaline

29
Q

An outer layer of fibrous tissue that is continuous with the periosteum of the related bones and an inner synovial membrane which covers all except the articular cartilage is called what?

A

articular capsule

30
Q

Fribrocartilaginous ___ ___ can be found within the cavity or between two cavities to improve the surface interactions or absorb forces

A

articular discs

31
Q

Give an example for each mechanical classification of a synovial joint:
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial

A

uniaxial: elbow
biaxial: knuckles
multiaxial: glenohumeral joint

32
Q

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints:
two flat surfaces, allowing gliding/sliding movements

A

plane

33
Q

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints:
cylindrical end fits into a trough end, allowing uniaxial movements (ex: elbow)

A

hinge

34
Q

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints:
cylindrical end fits into a ring of bone with fibrous support tissue, allowing rotation (atlantoaxial joint for shaking head side to side)

A

pivot

35
Q

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints:
egg-shaped surface with a concave surface, allowing biaxial movements of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

A

condyloid

36
Q

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints:
saddle-shaped convex and concave surfaces yielding biaxial movements, as condyloid joints (ex: carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb).

A

saddle

37
Q

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints:
a sphere in a concave socket yielding multiaxial movements (ex: shoulder and hip)

A

ball and socket

38
Q

Define Hilton’s Law

A

a joint is innervated by branches of the nerves that innervate the muscles which move the joint. These articular nerves are used in transmitting pain, proprioceptive (joint position) information, and for innervating adjacent vasculature (vasomotor function)

39
Q

True or false?

the skin is the largest organ in the body

A

ture

40
Q

Why type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

A

keratinized, stratified squamous

41
Q

The dermis is the vascular, deeper layer of the skin and is formed by what?

A

dense connective tissue

42
Q

Where are high densities of skin ligaments found?

A

in the palms of hands, soles of feet

43
Q

___ is a layer of connective tissue that contains varying amounts of fat and helps to surround, separate, and/or connect structures

A

fascia

44
Q

Deep fascia has thickenings near joints called ____, which act as pulleys for tendons running deeply

A

retinacula

45
Q

____ muscle is voluntarily controlled and striated. Produces force to move or stabilize the skeleton

A

skeletal

46
Q

____ muscle is involuntarily controlled and non-striated. Found in viscera, vessels, skin, and the eyeball

A

smooth

47
Q

____ muscle is involuntarily controlled and striated. Found in heart.

A

cardiac

48
Q

____ are strong, dense connective tissue cords that attach muscle to bone

A

tendon

49
Q

What is a fusiform muscle and what is an example?

A

spindle-shaped; ex: biceps brachii

50
Q

What is a convergent muscle and what is an example?

A

wide, fan-shaped tendon, which converges into a single tendon; ex: pec major

51
Q

What is a geometric muscle and what is an example?

A

circular (orbicularis oris), quadrangular (quadratus femoris)…etc

52
Q

True or false?

muscles shorten to produce force

A

true

53
Q

Describe isometric contractions

A

muscle tension increases but overall muscle length does not change

54
Q

Describe iostonic contractions

A

muscle tension is greater or lesser than external forces resulting in an associated movement

55
Q

____ contractions exist when the muscle tension is greater than the opposing forces, resulting in overall muscle shortening and subsequent skeletal movement

A

concentric

56
Q

____ contractions exist when the muscle tension is less than the opposing forces, resulting in overall muscle lengthening and subsequent skeletal movement

A

eccentric

57
Q

A muscle which isometrically contracts to stabilize the origin of the prime mover is a ____

A

fixator

58
Q

Arteries branch while veins converge, forming ____

A

tributaries

59
Q 
Define each of the following functional divisions of the nervous system:
somatic
visceral
afferent/sensory
efferent/motor
A

somatic: derived from embryonic somites
visceral: involved with visceral organs
afferent/sensory: components bringing information into CNS
efferent/motor: components transmitting information away from the CNS

60
Q

True or false?

The neurons has a cell body (soma), dendrites (receive information), and an axon (delivers information)

A

true

61
Q

____ neurons have numerous processes on the cell body; many dendrites and one axon; ex: motor neurons

A

multipolar

62
Q

____ neurons have a single appendage attached to the cell body; ex: sensory neurons

A

pseudounipolar

63
Q

The support cells of the nervous system are called ___ cells

A

glial

64
Q

A ___ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

A

ganglion

65
Q

A ___ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located inside the CNS

A

nucleus

66
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS is known as a ___

A

nerve

67
Q

A ___ unit is defined as a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. This is the functional unit of muscle contraction/relaxation control

A

motor

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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