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► Med - Anatomy & Physiology > Neurology 3 > Flashcards

Neurology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the brain develop from?

A

a fluid-filled neural tube

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2
Q

what does the fluid-filled center form in the adult brain?

A

the ventricles and canals

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3
Q

what passes through the brain stem?

A

many ascending and descending `tracts pass through

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4
Q

when is the neural tube formed?

A

in the late embryo

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5
Q

how does the neural tube form?

A

5 regions form which will become the 6 brain divisions

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6
Q

what does the neural tube give rise to?

A

the CNS

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7
Q

what dose the cephalic portion of the neural tube become?

A

the spinal cord

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8
Q

what develops in the anterior part of the neural tube

A

a series of pouches

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9
Q

what do the series of pouches that develop in the neural tube form?

A

3 regions of the brain

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10
Q

what are the 3 regions of the brain that the series of pouches form?

A

forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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11
Q

when does the forebrain form?

A

during early embryo

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12
Q

what does the forebrain divide into?

A

the telencephalon and diencephalon

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13
Q

when does the telencephalon and diencephalon develop from the forebrain?

A

during late embryo

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14
Q

what forms from the telencephalon?

A

the cerebrum

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15
Q

when does the midbrain develop?

A

during early embryo

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16
Q

when does the hindbrain develop?

A

during early embryo

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17
Q

what is the hindbrain divided into?

A

the metencephalon and myelencephalon

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18
Q

when does the metencephalon and myelencephalon develop from the hindbrain?

A

during late embryo

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19
Q

what adult part of the brain develops from the metencephalon?

A

the pons and cerebellum

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20
Q

what adult part of the brain does the myelencephalon form?

A

the medulla oblongata

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21
Q

what cavity is located in the cerebrum?

A

the lateral ventricles

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22
Q

what cavity is located in the diencephalon?

A

the 3rd ventricle

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23
Q

what cavity is located in the midbrain?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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24
Q

what cavity is located in the pons and cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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25
Q

what cavity is located in the medulla oblongata?

A

central canal

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26
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem?

A

1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) midbrain

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27
Q

where is medulla oblongata located?

A

at the base of the brainstem

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28
Q

what does the spinal cord contain?

A

white matter around grey matter

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29
Q

even though the spinal cord has white matter around grey matter what does the medulla have?

A

discrete nuclei and white matter tracts

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30
Q

what does the medullary nuclei regulate? (8) (HBRSVHCS)

A

1) heart rate
2) blood vessel diameter
3) respiration
4) swallowing
5) vomiting
6) hiccuping
7) coughing
8) sneezing

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31
Q

what are the pyramids?

A

large voluntary motor tracts

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32
Q

where are the pyramids?

A

from the cerebrum and mostly cross over (decussate) in the medulla

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33
Q

what are the more lateral olives nuclei involved in? (3) (BCM)

A

1) balance
2) coordination
3) modulation of sound from the inner ear

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34
Q

which nuclei are located in the medulla?

A

nuclei for 6 cranial nerves

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35
Q

why does the pons bulge?

A

because of the connection to the cerebellum

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36
Q

what dose the pons contain?

A

nuclei for 4 cranial nerves

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37
Q

what dos the nuclei in the pons regulate?

A

1) REM sleep
2) respiration
3) relay information to/from the cerebellum

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38
Q

where is the midbrain?

A

its the most superior part ofthe brainstem

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39
Q

what does the midbrain contain?

A

the nuclei for 3 cranial nerves

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40
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain?

A

descending somatic motor tracts

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41
Q

what does the tectum in the midbrain contain?

A

the corpora quadrigemina

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42
Q

what dose the corpora quadrigemina contain?

A

the superior and inferior colliculi

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43
Q

what does the superior colliculi control?

A

head and eye movements to visual, auditory and tactile stimuli

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44
Q

what does the inferior colliculi do?

A

receive auditory inputs and relays them to superior colliculi for reflexes to auditory stimuli

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45
Q

what does the tegumentum contain in the midbrain?

A

ascending sensory tracts and nuclei

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46
Q

what does the red nuclei in the tegumentum provide?

A

subconscious control of motor activities (especially for upper limb)

47
Q

what does the substantia nigra in the midbrain regulate?

A

the activity of the basal nuclei

48
Q

what are the basal nuceli in the substania nigra involved in?

A

muscle tone and coordinating movements

49
Q

what is reticular formation?

A

an interconnected series of nuclei in the brainstem

50
Q

during reticular formation what is received?

A

diverse sensory input

51
Q

what functions does reticular formation do for the brainstem?

A

alters and controls

52
Q

what do the descending impulses during reticular formation regulate?

A

muscle tone and certain vital functions

53
Q

what do the ascending impulses during reticular formation control?

A

out consciousness

54
Q

where is the cerebellum?

A

connected to the brain stem at the pons

55
Q

what do the superior,middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to?

A

higher brain regions, the pons and lower brain regions (respectively)

56
Q

what does the cerebellum consist of?

A

grey cortex over white matter with deep nuclei

57
Q

what does the cortex ofthe cerebellum have and what does it do?

A

folia, increases its surface area

58
Q

what is folia?

A

ridges

59
Q

what dos the cortex of the cerebellum contain?

A

several kinds of neurons in layers

60
Q

what do some of the neurons in layers in the cerebellum have?

A

up to 200,000 synapses

61
Q

how many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

A

2

62
Q

what are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum separated by?

A

a worm-like vermis

63
Q

what is each hemisphere divided into?

A

3 lobes

64
Q

what does the cerebellum’s major function involve?

A

skeletal muscle movements

65
Q

what do simple function of the cerebellum consist of? (3) (CEP)

A

1) controlling balance
2) eye movement
3) posture

66
Q

what does the cerebellum receive?

A

abundant sensory information

67
Q

what does the cerebellum do for our movements?

A

make them smooth and coordinated

68
Q

what does the cerebellum work with?

A

our frontal cerebral lobes

69
Q

what does the cerebellum working with our frontal cerebral lobes for?

A

for planning and learning complex movements

70
Q

where is the diencephalon located?

A

between the brain stem and the cerebrum

71
Q

what is the thalamus in the diencephalon?

A

an egg-shaped cluster os nuclei around the third ventricle

72
Q

what goes to the thalamus and where is it then relayed to?

A

all sensory information (except for olfaction) and is to be relayed to the cerebral cortex

73
Q

in the thalamus, what does the medial geniculate nucleus relay to the cerebrum?

A

auditory information

74
Q

in the thalamus what does the lateral geniculate nucleus relay to the cerebrum?

A

visual information

75
Q

what is most other sensory information (besides auditory and visual) relayed to the cerebrum by>

A

the ventral posterior nucleus

76
Q

what does the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei in the diencephaon communicate with? (3) (BCP)

A

1) basal nuclei
2) cerebellum
3) primary motor nuclei of the cerebrum about movements

77
Q

what are the anterior and medial nuclei of the diencephalon part of?

A

the limbic system

78
Q

what do the lateral dorsal nucleus regulate in the diencephalon?

A

emotions

79
Q

what does the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei intergrate?

A

sensory information

80
Q

what are the nuclei in the subthalamus in the diencephalon involved?

A

motor functions

81
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A

in the epithalamus of the diencephalon

82
Q

what is the pineal gland in the epithalamus involved in??

A

biorhythms

83
Q

what is the hypothalamus of the diencephalon?

A

a mass of nuclei and tracts

84
Q

in the hypothalamus what are the mammillary bodies involved in?

A

reflexes and emotional responses to odors

85
Q

what does the nuceli in the hypothalamus exert control of?

A

the endocrine system and ANS

86
Q

what does the hypothalamus receive?

A

input from certain sensory receptors

87
Q

what sensory receptors do the hypothalamus receive from?

A

the limbic system and the cerebrum

88
Q

what else is the nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in? (7) (SBTHERB)

A

1) swallowing
2) body temperature control
3) thirst
4) hunger
5) emotion
6) the reticular activation system
7) biorhythms

89
Q

what does the cerebrum consist of?

A

gray matter cortex over white matter with deeper nuclei

90
Q

what is the cererebral cortex divided into?

A

lobes named for overlying bones

91
Q

what lobes does the central sulcus separate in the cerebrum?

A

the frontal and parietal lobes

92
Q

besides the frontal and parietal lobes what else does the central sulcus in the cerebrum separate?

A

the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus and the primary somatic sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus

93
Q

what are the parietal and temporal lobes separated by?

A

the lateral fissure

94
Q

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

an indistinct sulcus

95
Q

where does the insula lobe lay?

A

deep in the lateral fissure

96
Q

what does the cerebral white matter contain?

A

axons in 3 types of tracts

97
Q

what are the three types of tracts that cerebral white matter contains?

A

1) association fibers
2) commissural fibers
3) projection fibers

98
Q

what do association fibers connect??

A

areas of the cortex within one hemisphere

99
Q

what do commissural fibers connect?

A

the hemispheres

100
Q

what do projection fibers connect?

A

the cortex to lower CNS centers

101
Q

where do basal nuclei lie?

A

in the white matter near the lateral ventricles and thalami

102
Q

what does the basal nuclei consist of?

A

the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus

103
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

A

the putamen and globus pallidus

104
Q

what do basal nuclei control?

A

skeletal muscle tone and contraction

105
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

a functional brain system with scattered parts

106
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A

1) emotion
2) reproduction
3) nutrition
4) memory

107
Q

what do the components of the limbic system surround?

A

the diencephalon

108
Q

where is the cingulate gyrus in the limbic system?

A

it’s superior to the corpus callosum

109
Q

what does the dentate and parahippocampal gyri in the medial part of the temporal lobe contain?

A

the hippocampus

110
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

a nucleus

111
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

a nucleus

112
Q

where is the amygdala?

A

in the medial temporal lobe near the end of the tail of the caudate nucleus

113
Q

besides the nuclei, what are other parts of the limbic system?

A

the mammillary bodies and other areas of the hypothalamus and the olfactory cortex

114
Q

what does the fornix in the limbic system connect?

A

the hippocampus and the hypothalamus

► Med - Anatomy & Physiology (130 decks)

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