Cardiovascular Flashcards
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate damage in atria blocking AP’s?
Prolonged P-Q segment
The outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle is what?
Epicardium
Are cardiac muscle cells branched or non-branched?
Branched
A reduction in blood flow is called what?
Ischemia
A small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the right atrium is what?
Right Auricle
The sinoatrial node is located in the “____” which is in the roof of the right atrium.
Cristae Terminalis
Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?
Super Vena Cava
For an EKG, a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG which has unknown origins is the what?
U-Wave
What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid Valve
Heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the “nooks and crannies” are known as what?
Trabeculae Carneae
An enzyme that converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels. What is the enzyme?
Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
What is the location of the cardioacceleratory center?
Medulla Oblongata
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta is what?
Aortic Semilunar Valve
What effect on blood pressure would vasoconstriction have generally?
Increases Blood Pressure
A layer of tissue that is adhered to the heart muscle?
Visceral Pericardium
What is another name for the atrioventricular node?
Secondary pacemaker of the heart
What specific tissue makes up the innermost lining of the heart?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
During an increase in heart rate as seen during exercise, which part of the cardiac cycle is shortened?
Diastole
If the heart muscle works too hard, it will increase in size (like any muscle) due to an increase in the individual muscle cells (not an increase in the number of muscle cells). This condition of size increase is called what?
Hypertrophy
The part of the aorta giving off the first 3 major arteries?
Aortic Arch
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a negative chronotropic factor?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Does the loss of arteries due to scarring increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?
Papillary muscles
Which part of the descending aorta is located above the diaphragm?
Thoracic
The area of the brain which increases the heart rate and strength of contraction is known as what?
Cardioacceleratory Center
Another name for left heart failure is what?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the left atrium?
Left auricle
Specialized structures containing gap junctions (holes) which allows the action potential (AP) to pass throughout the heart with relatively little resistance?
Inercallated Discs
Is caffeine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?
Right Atrium
Is epinephrine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
Which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Parasympathetic
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?
Repolarization
Difficulty breathing when lying down is known as what?
Orthopnea
50% of all deaths and approximately 1/3 of those between the age of 35-50 are caused by what?
Coronary Artery Disease
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels?
Beta 2
This type of gradient keeps more Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and more K+ INSIDE of the cell?
Chemical
Which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphragm?
Abdominal
The sodium pump moves sodium ions in or out of the cell?
Out
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left atrium?
8/0
Any abnormal rate & rhythm of heart is known as what?
Dysrhythmias or Arrhythmias
Does atherosclerosis increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
The loss of the elasticity or hardening of the arteries is called what?
Arteriosclerosis
Through which part of the aorta does blood flow inferiorly?
Descending aorta
Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor?
Norepinepherine
The AV node is located in the “___,” near the bottom of the atrium just behind the opening for the coronary sinus?
Interatrial Septum
The phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as?
Ventricular Ejection
A state of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?
Resting
This process is an example of primary active transport?
Sodium pump
In the trilogy of heart failure, the first phase is what?
Coronary Artery Disease
The chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body (except lungs)?
Left Ventricle
According to our notes, what is the normal heart rates?
75bpm
Pain experienced in the chest and left neck/arm pain due to build-up of lactic acid in the heart caused by the hypoxic conditions of clogged arteries?
Angina Pectoris
Which valve prevents blood in the right atrium from entering the vena cava?
None
The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped out?
Negative
Does sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
A large artery leading from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?
Pulmonary trunk
Are most cells “positive” or “negative” on the outside of the cell membrane?
Positive
The wall between the two atria is known as what?
Interatrial septum
Caused by Cor Pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the right ventricle?
Right Heart Failure
Which medication used to hypertension reduces vasoconstriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure?
ACE Inhibitors
Which of the parasympathetic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Muscarinic
One noteworthy characteristic of the action potential as it passes through the AV node “___.”
AV node “delay”
Once the AP leaves the atrioventricular bundle, what is the next structure (or structures) that it enters during its conduction?
Right & Left Bundle Branches
How much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction?
20%
A sac that surrounds the heart is what?
Parietal Pericardium
What maintains the electrochemical gradients for cells?
Sodium Pumps
Which of the following statements best describes an electrocardiograph?
EKG’s represent the electrical events in the entire heart
The blood pressure in the peripheral arterioles is known as what?
Afterload
If both the SA and the AV nodes stop working, the Purkinje Fibers will take over, however, the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only “___” bpm?
20-40 bpm
An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to another molecule - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Which substance is pumped into a cell by the sodium pump?
Potassium
What effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have?
Increased blood pressure
What condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylcholine?
The cell is hyperpolarized
Sudden, extreme attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night?
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Another name for the visceral pericardium is what?
Epicardium
Which substance is pumped OUT of a cell by the sodium pump?
Sodium
Once the AP leaves the bundle branches, what are the next structures that it enters during its conduction?
Purkinje Fibers
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block?
Bifid R-wave
Factors that effect heart rate are known as what?
Chronotropic
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and strength of contraction?
Sympathetic
What is the systolic pressure in the left ventricle?
120mmHg
The sodium pump moves potassium ions “in” or “out” of the cell?
In
The value in milliliters (mL) for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat is what?
70mL
A point-of-no-return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?
Threshold
Another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial Node
An action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as what?
an Ectopic Focus
The sodium pump moves “___” potassium ions?
two potassium ions
The name for the volume of the blood out of the heart for each beat is what?
Stroke Volume (SV)
If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over, but the heart rate is known as “___” or “___” rhythm?
Nodal or Junctional rhythm
Name the ion channels effected by acetylcholine.
Potassium Channels
This term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors because of their close relationship to epinephrine or adrenalin?
adrenergic receptors
Another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects its ability to automatically generator action potentials in the heart?
Primary Pacemaker
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate and strength of contraction?
Beta 1
For the heart, the mechanism of its action potential is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the “___,” which is caused by calcium influx?
Plateau
How much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction?
20%
Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the aortic arch?
120/80
Where is the congestion that is typical of left heart failure?
Lungs
Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a positive chronotropic factor?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Is nicotine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
A condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in right heart failure?
Cor Pulmonale
The first part of aorta leaving the heart?
Ascending aorta
A concept that states: a heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so as increased venous return causes increased SV & increased ejection fraction?
Frank-Starling Law
Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart?
Atrioventricular Node
For an EKG, an extra wave sometimes caused by low potassium?
U-wave
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the higher blood pressure reading?
Systole
Do cardiac muscles require relatively more “extracellular calcium” or “intracellular calcium” compared to skeletal muscles?
Extracellular
Which of the adrenergic receptors increase the heart rate?
Beta 1
Factors that decrease heart rate are known as what?
Negative Chronotropic
What is the function of the “plateau” seen in the graph of a cardiac muscle cell’s action potential?
Maximize emptying
Does the inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped in?
Positve
Is there more potassium “inside or outside” of most cells?
Inside
Is anxiety a positive or negative chronotropic factor?
Positive
An atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Another, older name for the atrioventricular bundle is what?
Bundle of His
Because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as?
Calcium Channel Blockers
This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a (+) outside and (-) inside of the cell membrane
Electrical
Once the AP leaves the AV node, what is the next structure that it enters during its conduction?
Atrioventricular Bundle
This used to be a fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch?
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Factors which decrease the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?
Negative inotropic factors
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate myocardial infarction?
Enlarged Q and/or Inverted T
Another name for congestive heart failure (CHF) is what?
Left Heart Failure
What would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed?
100 bpm
Another name for epinephrine is?
Adrenalin
The heart chamber receiving blood returning from lungs?
Left Atrium
Which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Vagus Nerve
Give the location of the cardioinhibitory center?
Medulla oblongata
One characteristic of cardiac muscle which helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is much longer “___ ___ ___” as compared to skeletal muscle?
Absolute Refractory Period
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation?
Beta 2
Identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine?
potassium floods out of the cell
The tension in the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents what?
Preload
Another name for PVC’s which indicate the fact that an extra QRS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle?
Extrasystole
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by relaxation of the heart?
Diastole
Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor?
Acetylcholine
Long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - what is this condition known as?
Cor Pulmonale
Which of the cholinergic receptors decrease the heart rate?
muscarinic
An electrical rate of over 300/minute is known as?
Fibrillation
What is the name for volume in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
Described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young adults, but indicates disease if over 30 years old?
s3
Does the loss of arteries due to tissue damage increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
Which of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Without the influence of vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
100 bpm
Factors which increase the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?
Positive inotropic factors
A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative than the resting state is known as “___” polarization
Hyperpolarization
Continuous low level vagal stimulation is known as?
Vagal tone
Which medication used to treat heart disease resets heart muscle cells to reestablish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open?
Lidocaine
An abnormal “gallop” indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls (noncompliant or non-elastic) which vibrate when blood hits them and makes sound
s4
The clogging of the arteries is known as what?
Atherosclerosis
Which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?
Acetylcholine
This term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptors?
cholinergic
What is a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate (new born)?
120 bpm
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative of Cl- is pumped in?
Negative
Does the loss of arteries due to limb amputation increase or decrease afterload?
Increase
Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
s1
Factors which effect the heart’s strength of contraction are known as?
Inotropic Factors
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation?
Beta 2
Which of the two semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
Aortic
The resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as?
Afterload
The wall between the two ventricles?
Interventricular Septum
When looking at the general population, what is the maximum heart rate that can be reached before there is not enough filling time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of heart’s efficiency?
200bpm
Where is the edema that is typical of left heart failure?
Lungs
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right ventricle?
12-25/0
What is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
End Systolic Volume (EDV)
Why is the left semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (pulmonary)?
Pressure is much higher
The area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as?
Cardioinhibitory Center
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Cl- is pumped out?
Positive
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia?
Flattened T
A group of drugs used to treat heart disease causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
Nitrates
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped in?
positive
A term that indicates that even though the heart is really mononucleated, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as if they were one giant multinucleated cell?
Functional Syncytium
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy?
Enlarged R
Venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction which determines?
Preload
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by contraction of the heart?
Systole
What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation?
All 4 valves are closed
For an EKG, what hides the repolarization of the ventricles?
T-wave
Reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow?
Myocardial Ischemia
Another name for adrenalin?
Epinephrine
What condition prevents diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
Sympathetic tone of arterial walls
What causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle’s action potential?
Calcium influx
According to our notes, what is the rate of sinus rhythm?
75 bpm
What is the volume (in mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?
120 mL
According to our notes, what is the normal rate setup by the SA node?
75 bpm
Preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as?
Venous Return
What is the volume (mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?
50 mL
The “charge” or voltage difference at the motor end plate is known as the end plate “___?”
End Plate “Potential”
Why is the left atrioventricular valve (mitral) heard predominantly while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV (tricuspid) valve?
Pressure is much higher
What happens to the contraction of a heart chamber if the tension on the walls of that chamber is increased just prior to contraction?
Increases
Another name for the epicardium is?
Visceral Pericardium
What effect on blood pressure would an increased heart rate have?
Increases blood pressure
A term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
Ejection fraction
An electrical rate between 250-300/minute is known as?
Flutter
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occurring during a cardiac cycle?
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
The stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents?
Preload
The sodium pump moves “___” sodium ions?
Three
Which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes in an increase in Ca within cardiac muscle cells?
Digitalis
An increase in blood pressure of the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of its vasculature?
Pulmonary Hypertension
A condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases that increase afterload in right ventricle, causing the right ventricle to work harder, and hypertrophies (enlarges), is known as what?
Cor Pulmonale
One phase of a neuron’s action potential that is not seen in that of a cardiac muscle cell is?
Hyperpolarization
The s3 sound in adults over 30-years-old may be caused by what cardiovascular condition?
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Which major veins returns blood to the heart from structures below the diaphragm?
Inferior Vena Cava
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract, but all valves are closed?
Isovolumetric Contraction (IVC)
How high can the ejection fraction reach during exercise?
90%
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by ejection of blood from the heart’s chamber?
Systole
A term that reflects a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels?
Hypokalemia
Long term chronic bronchitis may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as?
Cor Pulmonale
Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction?
Alpha 1
The tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction is called?
Preload
For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the atria?
P-wave
What is a probable cause for most angina pain?
Lactic acid build up in the heart
Which part of the conducting system of the heart begin at the apex and move up the sides of the heart and into the papillary muscles?
Purkinje Fibers
Should the pressure in the left atrium be just higher or lower than the pressure in the right atrium?
Higher
The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax, but all valves are closed?
Isovolumetric Relaxation (IVR)
The value for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?
58.33%
Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the semilunar valves?
s2
Are most cells positive or negative on the inside of the cell membrane?
negative
What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
Sympathetic tone of arterial walls
What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction?
all 4 valves closed
The speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed down in the AV node. The purpose of this “slow down” is?
The purpose of this slow down is to allow for optimal filling in the ventricles
What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?
Pulmonary valve
A term that means “at night?”
Nocturnal
A heart rate less than 60 bpm is known as what?
Bradycardia
A concept that states: the greater the stretch/tension on the wall of the heart the greater the force of contraction is?
Frank-Starling law
Which medication used to treat heart disease forces calcium build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC?
Digitalis
A heart rate between 100-150 bpm is known as?
Tachycardia
If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at “___” bpm?
40-50 bpm
The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute?
Cardiac Output
Factors that increase heart rate are known as?
Positive Chronotropic
Bundles of muscles only seen in the right atrium
Pectinate muscles
What type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials?
Cardiac Muscle
What is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?
Sinus Rhythm
In the trilogy of heart failure, the second phase is?
Myocardial Ischemia
What does a low ejection fraction indicate?
Heart disease
The left heard continues to push blood into the right heart, however, the right heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
The periphery especially the lower extremities
What is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle?
12-25 mmHg
For the trilogy of heart disease, a reversible condition in which the walls of the arteries in the heart are damaged?
Coronary Artery Disease
A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?
Depolarization
Which medication used to treat heard disease reduces the sodium-calcium counter transport (secondary active transport)?
Digitalis
This maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the cell and a hypertonic potassium solution inside?
Sodium Pump
What is the location of the right and left bundle branches?
Interventricular Septum
What is the mean arterial pressure?
96 mmHg
The volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents?
Preload
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate SA node damage?
Missing P-wave
What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?
Aortic valve
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right atrium?
5/0
Which of the two atrioventricular valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?
Mitral or Bicuspid
A drug used to treat heart disease causes vasolilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?
Nitroglycerine
How much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone (blood entering atria from veins) and not atrial contraction?
80%
The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped out
Negative
A “dimple” or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass?
Fossa Ovalis
The cavity between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as the?
Mediastinum
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the heart’s chamber?
Diastole
Difficulty breathing is known as?
Dyspnea
An enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids and used in kreb’s cycle - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?
Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)
Where is the edema seen that is typical of right heart failure?
The periphery especially the lower extremities
In the trilogy of heart failure, the third phase is?
Myocardial infarction
An increase in a structure’s size due to an increase in individual cells and not due to an increase in the numbers of cells, as seen when you exercise a muscle?
Hypertrophy
How long does it take a person’s heart to pump their entire blood volume?
One minute
The innermost lining of the heart is known as?
Endocardium
The middle layer of the heart, it is the thickest layer and is composed of the heart muscle?
Myocardium
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
A sound that indicates too much volume in atrium as in mitral valve regurgitation when heard in patients over 30 years old?
s3
These structures take deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary Arteries
A scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is?
Anatomical syncytium
Vessels which return oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
Which medication used to treat hypertension to reduce blood volume by increasing urine output?
Diuretics
Cardiac output is essentially equal to?
Total blood volume
Which medication used to treat heart disease Poisons the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?
Digitalis
Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffuse into heart cells?
Digitalis
For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the ventricles?
QRS complex
What characteristic of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy?
Enlarged p-wave
A term that means a sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation?
Paroxysmal
What is the location of the atrioventricular bundle?
Interventricular Septum
Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the amount of calcium pumped out of the heart muscle cells?
Digitalis
Long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading right heart failure - this condition is known as?
Cor Pulmonale
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?
120/0
The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the lower blood pressure reading?
Diastole
The right heart continues to push blood into the left heart, however, the left heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?
Lungs
What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries?
12-25/8
Are cardiac muscle cells “striated or non-striated?”
Striated
The string-like cords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart?
Chordae tendineae
A term that means tissue death is what?
Necrosis
Are cardiac muscle cells “voluntary or involuntary?”
Involuntary
A fancy-schmancy term that indicates that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of a needle?
Vasovagal Episode with Concomitant Syncope
Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be pumped out which reduces Na+ chemical gradient?
Digitalis
Generally, what is the formula for determining your maximum heart rate for testing?
220 - Age = Max Heart Rate
Does the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
At the venous end of a capillary, is the “interstitial colloid osmotic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
Low
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease heart rate?
Increase
What structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors blood pressure through urine flow?
Macula Densa
Does the Renin-angiotensin system belong to the factors that regulate Short Term or Long Term control of blood pressure?
Long Term
Does ANP activate the sodium pump to pump 2 Potassium Ions “into” or “out of” the urine, to be reabsorbed by the body?
Out Of
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?
Stimulation of Baroreceptors
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?
Decrease of endothelin
The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is known as what?
Vasomotor Center
Give the value for the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
96 mmHg
What is the combined surface area for all the capillaries?
6300 m2
A type of hypertension, for which there is no known cause is what?
Primary or Essential
Where is ADH stored and released?
Posterior Pituitary Gland
How do arteries respond when they are stretched due to an increase in blood pressure?
They vasoconstrict
A condition caused by poor tissue perfusion, reduced cellular metabolism, and organ failure is known as what?
Shock
The smallest blood vessels are known as what?
Capillaries
Does an increase in heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
Where is Nitric Oxide made?
Endothelium
Does a relatively high capillary colloid osmotic pressure tend to pull fluid in or push it out of a capillary?
Pull in
A ballooning or dilated artery is known as what?
Aneurysm
Does vasopressin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
Short term
A process in which blood vessel’s smooth muscle contracts so diameter of vessel gets smaller?
Vasoconstriction
The innermost layer of a blood vessel is known as the what?
Tunica intima (endothelium)
A reduction in blood pressure upon standing is known as what?
Orthostatic Hypotension
Does a reduction in the heart’s strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
When measuring peripheral blood pressure, which phase of the blood pressure is indicated when the sounds are no longer heard?
Diastolic
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease perfusion?
Increase
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Increase
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease the heart’s strength of contraction?
Increase
Does a reduction in the heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Decrease
Does sympathetic inhibition allow “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasodilation
Continuous sympathetic stimulation of arteries which allows constant “partial” contraction of the smooth muscle is known as what?
Vasomotor tone
ADH causes its effect by water retention and “___?”
Vasoconstriction
Does parasympathetic inhibition cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?
Increase
What is the blood pressure found in the capillaries?
14-17 mmHg
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease the heart’s strength of contraction?
Increase
Do the baroreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term blood pressure?
Short term
Vasodilation caused by and increase in hydrogen ions is known as the “___” theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic Theory
What percent of hypertension cases belong to the secondary type?
10%
At the venous end of a capillary, is the “interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
High
Does Nitric Oxide increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
Does vagal inhibition cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?
Increase
Does parasympathetic inhibition cause “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasoconstriction
What is the blood pressure found in the veins?
0-5
Relative to fluid balance, the blood pressure in a capillary is referred to as what?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Does endothelin typically act systemically or locally?
Locally
Which of the blood vessels are basically the tunica intima only?
Capillaries
Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?
Decrease
At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain open?
25%
Does an increase in heart’s strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
Increase
Blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart are known as what?
Veins
ANP causes its effects by activating the “____?”
Sodium Pump
The areas of the body that contain the most chemoreceptors are?
Carotid sinus and Aortic arch
At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain closed?
75%
Does sympathetic stimulation cause “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?
Vasoconstriction
At the arterial end of a capillary, is the “capillary colloid osmotic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?
Low
Does Nitric Oxide cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasodilation
Vasodilation caused by and reduction in oxygen is known as the “___” theory of autoregulation?
Metabolic
The fact that muscles contract when stretched relates to the “____” theory of autoregulation?
Myogenic control
Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction
What is aldosterone’s major effect?
Water Retention
Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as “___” or stretch receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
Another name for vasopressin is?
Antidiuretic Hormone
Does endothelin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?
short term
Does a relatively high interstitial colloid osmotic pressure tend to push fluid in or pull it out of a capillary?
Pull out
Which of blood vessels have valves?
Veins
Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide?
increase
Which substance is pumped into the urine due to ANP?
Sodium
Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?
Increase
When measuring peripheral blood pressure, the first sound heard when releasing pressure from the cuff represents which phase of the blood pressure?
Systolic
Which layer of a blood vessel is made up of smooth muscle?
Tunica Media
Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as “mechanoreceptors” or “____” receptors.
Stretch Receptors
