Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate damage in atria blocking AP’s?

A

Prolonged P-Q segment

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2
Q

The outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle is what?

A

Epicardium

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3
Q

Are cardiac muscle cells branched or non-branched?

A

Branched

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4
Q

A reduction in blood flow is called what?

A

Ischemia

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5
Q

A small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the right atrium is what?

A

Right Auricle

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6
Q

The sinoatrial node is located in the “____” which is in the roof of the right atrium.

A

Cristae Terminalis

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7
Q

Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?

A

Super Vena Cava

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8
Q

For an EKG, a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG which has unknown origins is the what?

A

U-Wave

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9
Q

What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid Valve

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10
Q

Heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the “nooks and crannies” are known as what?

A

Trabeculae Carneae

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11
Q

An enzyme that converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels. What is the enzyme?

A

Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)

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12
Q

What is the location of the cardioacceleratory center?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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13
Q

The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta is what?

A

Aortic Semilunar Valve

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14
Q

What effect on blood pressure would vasoconstriction have generally?

A

Increases Blood Pressure

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15
Q

A layer of tissue that is adhered to the heart muscle?

A

Visceral Pericardium

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16
Q

What is another name for the atrioventricular node?

A

Secondary pacemaker of the heart

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17
Q

What specific tissue makes up the innermost lining of the heart?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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18
Q

During an increase in heart rate as seen during exercise, which part of the cardiac cycle is shortened?

A

Diastole

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19
Q

If the heart muscle works too hard, it will increase in size (like any muscle) due to an increase in the individual muscle cells (not an increase in the number of muscle cells). This condition of size increase is called what?

A

Hypertrophy

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20
Q

The part of the aorta giving off the first 3 major arteries?

A

Aortic Arch

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21
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a negative chronotropic factor?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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22
Q

Does the loss of arteries due to scarring increase or decrease afterload?

A

Increase

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23
Q

Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Papillary muscles

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24
Q

Which part of the descending aorta is located above the diaphragm?

A

Thoracic

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25
Q

The area of the brain which increases the heart rate and strength of contraction is known as what?

A

Cardioacceleratory Center

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26
Q

Another name for left heart failure is what?

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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27
Q

Small appendage-like chamber that adds volume to the left atrium?

A

Left auricle

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28
Q

Specialized structures containing gap junctions (holes) which allows the action potential (AP) to pass throughout the heart with relatively little resistance?

A

Inercallated Discs

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29
Q

Is caffeine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?

A

Positive

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30
Q

Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than lungs)?

A

Right Atrium

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31
Q

Is epinephrine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?

A

Positive

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32
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?

A

Parasympathetic

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33
Q

A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative?

A

Repolarization

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34
Q

Difficulty breathing when lying down is known as what?

A

Orthopnea

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35
Q

50% of all deaths and approximately 1/3 of those between the age of 35-50 are caused by what?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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36
Q

Which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels?

A

Beta 2

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37
Q

This type of gradient keeps more Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and more K+ INSIDE of the cell?

A

Chemical

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38
Q

Which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphragm?

A

Abdominal

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39
Q

The sodium pump moves sodium ions in or out of the cell?

A

Out

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40
Q

What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left atrium?

A

8/0

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41
Q

Any abnormal rate & rhythm of heart is known as what?

A

Dysrhythmias or Arrhythmias

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42
Q

Does atherosclerosis increase or decrease afterload?

A

Increase

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43
Q

The loss of the elasticity or hardening of the arteries is called what?

A

Arteriosclerosis

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44
Q

Through which part of the aorta does blood flow inferiorly?

A

Descending aorta

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45
Q

Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor?

A

Norepinepherine

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46
Q

The AV node is located in the “___,” near the bottom of the atrium just behind the opening for the coronary sinus?

A

Interatrial Septum

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47
Q

The phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as?

A

Ventricular Ejection

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48
Q

A state of a neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside?

A

Resting

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49
Q

This process is an example of primary active transport?

A

Sodium pump

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50
Q

In the trilogy of heart failure, the first phase is what?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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51
Q

The chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body (except lungs)?

A

Left Ventricle

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52
Q

According to our notes, what is the normal heart rates?

A

75bpm

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53
Q

Pain experienced in the chest and left neck/arm pain due to build-up of lactic acid in the heart caused by the hypoxic conditions of clogged arteries?

A

Angina Pectoris

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54
Q

Which valve prevents blood in the right atrium from entering the vena cava?

A

None

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55
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped out?

A

Negative

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56
Q

Does sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors increase or decrease afterload?

A

Increase

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57
Q

A large artery leading from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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58
Q

Are most cells “positive” or “negative” on the outside of the cell membrane?

A

Positive

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59
Q

The wall between the two atria is known as what?

A

Interatrial septum

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60
Q

Caused by Cor Pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the right ventricle?

A

Right Heart Failure

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61
Q

Which medication used to hypertension reduces vasoconstriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure?

A

ACE Inhibitors

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62
Q

Which of the parasympathetic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?

A

Muscarinic

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63
Q

One noteworthy characteristic of the action potential as it passes through the AV node “___.”

A

AV node “delay”

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64
Q

Once the AP leaves the atrioventricular bundle, what is the next structure (or structures) that it enters during its conduction?

A

Right & Left Bundle Branches

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65
Q

How much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction?

A

20%

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66
Q

A sac that surrounds the heart is what?

A

Parietal Pericardium

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67
Q

What maintains the electrochemical gradients for cells?

A

Sodium Pumps

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68
Q

Which of the following statements best describes an electrocardiograph?

A

EKG’s represent the electrical events in the entire heart

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69
Q

The blood pressure in the peripheral arterioles is known as what?

A

Afterload

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70
Q

If both the SA and the AV nodes stop working, the Purkinje Fibers will take over, however, the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only “___” bpm?

A

20-40 bpm

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71
Q

An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group to another molecule - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?

A

Creatine Kinase (CK)

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72
Q

Which substance is pumped into a cell by the sodium pump?

A

Potassium

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73
Q

What effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have?

A

Increased blood pressure

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74
Q

What condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylcholine?

A

The cell is hyperpolarized

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75
Q

Sudden, extreme attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night?

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

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76
Q

Another name for the visceral pericardium is what?

A

Epicardium

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77
Q

Which substance is pumped OUT of a cell by the sodium pump?

A

Sodium

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78
Q

Once the AP leaves the bundle branches, what are the next structures that it enters during its conduction?

A

Purkinje Fibers

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79
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block?

A

Bifid R-wave

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80
Q

Factors that effect heart rate are known as what?

A

Chronotropic

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81
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and strength of contraction?

A

Sympathetic

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82
Q

What is the systolic pressure in the left ventricle?

A

120mmHg

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83
Q

The sodium pump moves potassium ions “in” or “out” of the cell?

A

In

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84
Q

The value in milliliters (mL) for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat is what?

A

70mL

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85
Q

A point-of-no-return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated?

A

Threshold

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86
Q

Another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial Node

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87
Q

An action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as what?

A

an Ectopic Focus

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88
Q

The sodium pump moves “___” potassium ions?

A

two potassium ions

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89
Q

The name for the volume of the blood out of the heart for each beat is what?

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

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90
Q

If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over, but the heart rate is known as “___” or “___” rhythm?

A

Nodal or Junctional rhythm

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91
Q

Name the ion channels effected by acetylcholine.

A

Potassium Channels

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92
Q

This term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors because of their close relationship to epinephrine or adrenalin?

A

adrenergic receptors

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93
Q

Another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects its ability to automatically generator action potentials in the heart?

A

Primary Pacemaker

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94
Q

Which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate and strength of contraction?

A

Beta 1

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95
Q

For the heart, the mechanism of its action potential is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the “___,” which is caused by calcium influx?

A

Plateau

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96
Q

How much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction?

A

20%

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97
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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98
Q

What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the aortic arch?

A

120/80

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99
Q

Where is the congestion that is typical of left heart failure?

A

Lungs

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100
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a positive chronotropic factor?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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101
Q

Is nicotine a positive or negative chronotropic factor?

A

Positive

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102
Q

A condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in right heart failure?

A

Cor Pulmonale

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103
Q

The first part of aorta leaving the heart?

A

Ascending aorta

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104
Q

A concept that states: a heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so as increased venous return causes increased SV & increased ejection fraction?

A

Frank-Starling Law

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105
Q

Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

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106
Q

Another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart?

A

Atrioventricular Node

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107
Q

For an EKG, an extra wave sometimes caused by low potassium?

A

U-wave

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108
Q

The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the higher blood pressure reading?

A

Systole

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109
Q

Do cardiac muscles require relatively more “extracellular calcium” or “intracellular calcium” compared to skeletal muscles?

A

Extracellular

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110
Q

Which of the adrenergic receptors increase the heart rate?

A

Beta 1

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111
Q

Factors that decrease heart rate are known as what?

A

Negative Chronotropic

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112
Q

What is the function of the “plateau” seen in the graph of a cardiac muscle cell’s action potential?

A

Maximize emptying

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113
Q

Does the inside of the cell becomes more “positive” or “negative” if Na+ is pumped in?

A

Positve

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114
Q

Is there more potassium “inside or outside” of most cells?

A

Inside

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115
Q

Is anxiety a positive or negative chronotropic factor?

A

Positive

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116
Q

An atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

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117
Q

Another, older name for the atrioventricular bundle is what?

A

Bundle of His

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118
Q

Because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as?

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

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119
Q

This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a (+) outside and (-) inside of the cell membrane

A

Electrical

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120
Q

Once the AP leaves the AV node, what is the next structure that it enters during its conduction?

A

Atrioventricular Bundle

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121
Q

This used to be a fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch?

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum

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122
Q

Factors which decrease the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?

A

Negative inotropic factors

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123
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate myocardial infarction?

A

Enlarged Q and/or Inverted T

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124
Q

Another name for congestive heart failure (CHF) is what?

A

Left Heart Failure

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125
Q

What would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed?

A

100 bpm

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126
Q

Another name for epinephrine is?

A

Adrenalin

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127
Q

The heart chamber receiving blood returning from lungs?

A

Left Atrium

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128
Q

Which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?

A

Vagus Nerve

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129
Q

Give the location of the cardioinhibitory center?

A

Medulla oblongata

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130
Q

One characteristic of cardiac muscle which helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is much longer “___ ___ ___” as compared to skeletal muscle?

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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131
Q

Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation?

A

Beta 2

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132
Q

Identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine?

A

potassium floods out of the cell

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133
Q

The tension in the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents what?

A

Preload

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134
Q

Another name for PVC’s which indicate the fact that an extra QRS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle?

A

Extrasystole

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135
Q

The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by relaxation of the heart?

A

Diastole

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136
Q

Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor?

A

Acetylcholine

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137
Q

Long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - what is this condition known as?

A

Cor Pulmonale

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138
Q

Which of the cholinergic receptors decrease the heart rate?

A

muscarinic

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139
Q

An electrical rate of over 300/minute is known as?

A

Fibrillation

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140
Q

What is the name for volume in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

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141
Q

Described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young adults, but indicates disease if over 30 years old?

A

s3

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142
Q

Does the loss of arteries due to tissue damage increase or decrease afterload?

A

Increase

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143
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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144
Q

Without the influence of vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?

A

100 bpm

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145
Q

Factors which increase the hearts strength of contraction are known as what?

A

Positive inotropic factors

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146
Q

A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative than the resting state is known as “___” polarization

A

Hyperpolarization

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147
Q

Continuous low level vagal stimulation is known as?

A

Vagal tone

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148
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease resets heart muscle cells to reestablish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open?

A

Lidocaine

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149
Q

An abnormal “gallop” indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls (noncompliant or non-elastic) which vibrate when blood hits them and makes sound

A

s4

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150
Q

The clogging of the arteries is known as what?

A

Atherosclerosis

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151
Q

Which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

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152
Q

This term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptors?

A

cholinergic

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153
Q

What is a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate (new born)?

A

120 bpm

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154
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative of Cl- is pumped in?

A

Negative

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155
Q

Does the loss of arteries due to limb amputation increase or decrease afterload?

A

Increase

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156
Q

Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

s1

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157
Q

Factors which effect the heart’s strength of contraction are known as?

A

Inotropic Factors

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158
Q

Which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation?

A

Beta 2

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159
Q

Which of the two semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?

A

Aortic

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160
Q

The resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as?

A

Afterload

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161
Q

The wall between the two ventricles?

A

Interventricular Septum

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162
Q

When looking at the general population, what is the maximum heart rate that can be reached before there is not enough filling time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of heart’s efficiency?

A

200bpm

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163
Q

Where is the edema that is typical of left heart failure?

A

Lungs

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164
Q

What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right ventricle?

A

12-25/0

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165
Q

What is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?

A

End Systolic Volume (EDV)

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166
Q

Why is the left semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (pulmonary)?

A

Pressure is much higher

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167
Q

The area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as?

A

Cardioinhibitory Center

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168
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if Cl- is pumped out?

A

Positive

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169
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia?

A

Flattened T

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170
Q

A group of drugs used to treat heart disease causes vasodilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?

A

Nitrates

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171
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped in?

A

positive

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172
Q

A term that indicates that even though the heart is really mononucleated, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as if they were one giant multinucleated cell?

A

Functional Syncytium

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173
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Enlarged R

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174
Q

Venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction which determines?

A

Preload

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175
Q

The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by contraction of the heart?

A

Systole

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176
Q

What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

All 4 valves are closed

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177
Q

For an EKG, what hides the repolarization of the ventricles?

A

T-wave

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178
Q

Reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow?

A

Myocardial Ischemia

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179
Q

Another name for adrenalin?

A

Epinephrine

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180
Q

What condition prevents diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?

A

Sympathetic tone of arterial walls

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181
Q

What causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle’s action potential?

A

Calcium influx

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182
Q

According to our notes, what is the rate of sinus rhythm?

A

75 bpm

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183
Q

What is the volume (in mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period?

A

120 mL

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184
Q

According to our notes, what is the normal rate setup by the SA node?

A

75 bpm

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185
Q

Preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as?

A

Venous Return

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186
Q

What is the volume (mL) of blood in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period?

A

50 mL

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187
Q

The “charge” or voltage difference at the motor end plate is known as the end plate “___?”

A

End Plate “Potential”

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188
Q

Why is the left atrioventricular valve (mitral) heard predominantly while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV (tricuspid) valve?

A

Pressure is much higher

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189
Q

What happens to the contraction of a heart chamber if the tension on the walls of that chamber is increased just prior to contraction?

A

Increases

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190
Q

Another name for the epicardium is?

A

Visceral Pericardium

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191
Q

What effect on blood pressure would an increased heart rate have?

A

Increases blood pressure

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192
Q

A term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?

A

Ejection fraction

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193
Q

An electrical rate between 250-300/minute is known as?

A

Flutter

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194
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occurring during a cardiac cycle?

A

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)

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195
Q

The stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents?

A

Preload

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196
Q

The sodium pump moves “___” sodium ions?

A

Three

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197
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes in an increase in Ca within cardiac muscle cells?

A

Digitalis

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198
Q

An increase in blood pressure of the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of its vasculature?

A

Pulmonary Hypertension

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199
Q

A condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases that increase afterload in right ventricle, causing the right ventricle to work harder, and hypertrophies (enlarges), is known as what?

A

Cor Pulmonale

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200
Q

One phase of a neuron’s action potential that is not seen in that of a cardiac muscle cell is?

A

Hyperpolarization

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201
Q

The s3 sound in adults over 30-years-old may be caused by what cardiovascular condition?

A

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

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202
Q

Which major veins returns blood to the heart from structures below the diaphragm?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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203
Q

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract, but all valves are closed?

A

Isovolumetric Contraction (IVC)

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204
Q

How high can the ejection fraction reach during exercise?

A

90%

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205
Q

The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by ejection of blood from the heart’s chamber?

A

Systole

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206
Q

A term that reflects a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels?

A

Hypokalemia

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207
Q

Long term chronic bronchitis may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as?

A

Cor Pulmonale

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208
Q

Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha 1

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209
Q

The tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction is called?

A

Preload

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210
Q

For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the atria?

A

P-wave

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211
Q

What is a probable cause for most angina pain?

A

Lactic acid build up in the heart

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212
Q

Which part of the conducting system of the heart begin at the apex and move up the sides of the heart and into the papillary muscles?

A

Purkinje Fibers

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213
Q

Should the pressure in the left atrium be just higher or lower than the pressure in the right atrium?

A

Higher

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214
Q

The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax, but all valves are closed?

A

Isovolumetric Relaxation (IVR)

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215
Q

The value for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat?

A

58.33%

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216
Q

Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the semilunar valves?

A

s2

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217
Q

Are most cells positive or negative on the inside of the cell membrane?

A

negative

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218
Q

What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?

A

Sympathetic tone of arterial walls

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219
Q

What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction?

A

all 4 valves closed

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220
Q

The speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed down in the AV node. The purpose of this “slow down” is?

A

The purpose of this slow down is to allow for optimal filling in the ventricles

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221
Q

What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteries from falling to zero?

A

Pulmonary valve

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222
Q

A term that means “at night?”

A

Nocturnal

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223
Q

A heart rate less than 60 bpm is known as what?

A

Bradycardia

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224
Q

A concept that states: the greater the stretch/tension on the wall of the heart the greater the force of contraction is?

A

Frank-Starling law

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225
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease forces calcium build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC?

A

Digitalis

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226
Q

A heart rate between 100-150 bpm is known as?

A

Tachycardia

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227
Q

If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at “___” bpm?

A

40-50 bpm

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228
Q

The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute?

A

Cardiac Output

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229
Q

Factors that increase heart rate are known as?

A

Positive Chronotropic

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230
Q

Bundles of muscles only seen in the right atrium

A

Pectinate muscles

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231
Q

What type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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232
Q

What is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node?

A

Sinus Rhythm

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233
Q

In the trilogy of heart failure, the second phase is?

A

Myocardial Ischemia

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234
Q

What does a low ejection fraction indicate?

A

Heart disease

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235
Q

The left heard continues to push blood into the right heart, however, the right heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?

A

The periphery especially the lower extremities

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236
Q

What is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle?

A

12-25 mmHg

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237
Q

For the trilogy of heart disease, a reversible condition in which the walls of the arteries in the heart are damaged?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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238
Q

A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inside of a neuron becomes more positive?

A

Depolarization

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239
Q

Which medication used to treat heard disease reduces the sodium-calcium counter transport (secondary active transport)?

A

Digitalis

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240
Q

This maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the cell and a hypertonic potassium solution inside?

A

Sodium Pump

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241
Q

What is the location of the right and left bundle branches?

A

Interventricular Septum

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242
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

96 mmHg

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243
Q

The volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents?

A

Preload

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244
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate SA node damage?

A

Missing P-wave

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245
Q

What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero?

A

Aortic valve

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246
Q

What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right atrium?

A

5/0

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247
Q

Which of the two atrioventricular valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds?

A

Mitral or Bicuspid

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248
Q

A drug used to treat heart disease causes vasolilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow?

A

Nitroglycerine

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249
Q

How much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone (blood entering atria from veins) and not atrial contraction?

A

80%

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250
Q

The inside of the cell becomes more positive or negative if K+ is pumped out

A

Negative

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251
Q

A “dimple” or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass?

A

Fossa Ovalis

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252
Q

The cavity between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as the?

A

Mediastinum

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253
Q

The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the heart’s chamber?

A

Diastole

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254
Q

Difficulty breathing is known as?

A

Dyspnea

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255
Q

An enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids and used in kreb’s cycle - when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels?

A

Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)

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256
Q

Where is the edema seen that is typical of right heart failure?

A

The periphery especially the lower extremities

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257
Q

In the trilogy of heart failure, the third phase is?

A

Myocardial infarction

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258
Q

An increase in a structure’s size due to an increase in individual cells and not due to an increase in the numbers of cells, as seen when you exercise a muscle?

A

Hypertrophy

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259
Q

How long does it take a person’s heart to pump their entire blood volume?

A

One minute

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260
Q

The innermost lining of the heart is known as?

A

Endocardium

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261
Q

The middle layer of the heart, it is the thickest layer and is composed of the heart muscle?

A

Myocardium

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262
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

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263
Q

A sound that indicates too much volume in atrium as in mitral valve regurgitation when heard in patients over 30 years old?

A

s3

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264
Q

These structures take deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Arteries

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265
Q

A scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is?

A

Anatomical syncytium

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266
Q

Vessels which return oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

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267
Q

Which medication used to treat hypertension to reduce blood volume by increasing urine output?

A

Diuretics

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268
Q

Cardiac output is essentially equal to?

A

Total blood volume

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269
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease Poisons the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

A

Digitalis

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270
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffuse into heart cells?

A

Digitalis

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271
Q

For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the ventricles?

A

QRS complex

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272
Q

What characteristic of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy?

A

Enlarged p-wave

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273
Q

A term that means a sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation?

A

Paroxysmal

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274
Q

What is the location of the atrioventricular bundle?

A

Interventricular Septum

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275
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the amount of calcium pumped out of the heart muscle cells?

A

Digitalis

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276
Q

Long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading right heart failure - this condition is known as?

A

Cor Pulmonale

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277
Q

What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left ventricle?

A

120/0

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278
Q

The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the lower blood pressure reading?

A

Diastole

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279
Q

The right heart continues to push blood into the left heart, however, the left heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out?

A

Lungs

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280
Q

What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries?

A

12-25/8

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281
Q

Are cardiac muscle cells “striated or non-striated?”

A

Striated

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282
Q

The string-like cords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart?

A

Chordae tendineae

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283
Q

A term that means tissue death is what?

A

Necrosis

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284
Q

Are cardiac muscle cells “voluntary or involuntary?”

A

Involuntary

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285
Q

A fancy-schmancy term that indicates that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of a needle?

A

Vasovagal Episode with Concomitant Syncope

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286
Q

Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be pumped out which reduces Na+ chemical gradient?

A

Digitalis

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287
Q

Generally, what is the formula for determining your maximum heart rate for testing?

A

220 - Age = Max Heart Rate

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288
Q

Does the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Decrease

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289
Q

At the venous end of a capillary, is the “interstitial colloid osmotic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?

A

Low

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290
Q

Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease heart rate?

A

Increase

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291
Q

What structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors blood pressure through urine flow?

A

Macula Densa

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292
Q

Does the Renin-angiotensin system belong to the factors that regulate Short Term or Long Term control of blood pressure?

A

Long Term

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293
Q

Does ANP activate the sodium pump to pump 2 Potassium Ions “into” or “out of” the urine, to be reabsorbed by the body?

A

Out Of

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294
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?

A

Stimulation of Baroreceptors

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295
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?

A

Decrease of endothelin

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296
Q

The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is known as what?

A

Vasomotor Center

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297
Q

Give the value for the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).

A

96 mmHg

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298
Q

What is the combined surface area for all the capillaries?

A

6300 m2

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299
Q

A type of hypertension, for which there is no known cause is what?

A

Primary or Essential

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300
Q

Where is ADH stored and released?

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

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301
Q

How do arteries respond when they are stretched due to an increase in blood pressure?

A

They vasoconstrict

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302
Q

A condition caused by poor tissue perfusion, reduced cellular metabolism, and organ failure is known as what?

A

Shock

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303
Q

The smallest blood vessels are known as what?

A

Capillaries

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304
Q

Does an increase in heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Increase

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305
Q

Where is Nitric Oxide made?

A

Endothelium

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306
Q

Does a relatively high capillary colloid osmotic pressure tend to pull fluid in or push it out of a capillary?

A

Pull in

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307
Q

A ballooning or dilated artery is known as what?

A

Aneurysm

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308
Q

Does vasopressin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?

A

Short term

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309
Q

A process in which blood vessel’s smooth muscle contracts so diameter of vessel gets smaller?

A

Vasoconstriction

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310
Q

The innermost layer of a blood vessel is known as the what?

A

Tunica intima (endothelium)

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311
Q

A reduction in blood pressure upon standing is known as what?

A

Orthostatic Hypotension

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312
Q

Does a reduction in the heart’s strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

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313
Q

When measuring peripheral blood pressure, which phase of the blood pressure is indicated when the sounds are no longer heard?

A

Diastolic

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314
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease perfusion?

A

Increase

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315
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Increase

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316
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease the heart’s strength of contraction?

A

Increase

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317
Q

Does a reduction in the heart rate cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

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318
Q

Does sympathetic inhibition allow “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?

A

Vasodilation

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319
Q

Continuous sympathetic stimulation of arteries which allows constant “partial” contraction of the smooth muscle is known as what?

A

Vasomotor tone

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320
Q

ADH causes its effect by water retention and “___?”

A

Vasoconstriction

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321
Q

Does parasympathetic inhibition cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?

A

Increase

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322
Q

What is the blood pressure found in the capillaries?

A

14-17 mmHg

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323
Q

Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease the heart’s strength of contraction?

A

Increase

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324
Q

Do the baroreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term blood pressure?

A

Short term

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325
Q

Vasodilation caused by and increase in hydrogen ions is known as the “___” theory of autoregulation?

A

Metabolic Theory

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326
Q

What percent of hypertension cases belong to the secondary type?

A

10%

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327
Q

At the venous end of a capillary, is the “interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?

A

High

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328
Q

Does Nitric Oxide increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Decrease

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329
Q

Does vagal inhibition cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?

A

Increase

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330
Q

Does parasympathetic inhibition cause “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?

A

Vasoconstriction

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331
Q

What is the blood pressure found in the veins?

A

0-5

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332
Q

Relative to fluid balance, the blood pressure in a capillary is referred to as what?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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333
Q

Does endothelin typically act systemically or locally?

A

Locally

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334
Q

Which of the blood vessels are basically the tunica intima only?

A

Capillaries

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335
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Decrease

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336
Q

At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain open?

A

25%

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337
Q

Does an increase in heart’s strength of contraction cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Increase

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338
Q

Blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart are known as what?

A

Veins

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339
Q

ANP causes its effects by activating the “____?”

A

Sodium Pump

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340
Q

The areas of the body that contain the most chemoreceptors are?

A

Carotid sinus and Aortic arch

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341
Q

At rest, what percent of the capillaries in skeletal muscles remain closed?

A

75%

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342
Q

Does sympathetic stimulation cause “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?

A

Vasoconstriction

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343
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary, is the “capillary colloid osmotic pressure” HIGH or LOW when compared to the interstitium?

A

Low

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344
Q

Does Nitric Oxide cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Vasodilation

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345
Q

Vasodilation caused by and reduction in oxygen is known as the “___” theory of autoregulation?

A

Metabolic

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346
Q

The fact that muscles contract when stretched relates to the “____” theory of autoregulation?

A

Myogenic control

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347
Q

Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction

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348
Q

Does endothelin vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction

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349
Q

What is aldosterone’s major effect?

A

Water Retention

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350
Q

Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as “___” or stretch receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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351
Q

Another name for vasopressin is?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

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352
Q

Does endothelin belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?

A

short term

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353
Q

Does a relatively high interstitial colloid osmotic pressure tend to push fluid in or pull it out of a capillary?

A

Pull out

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354
Q

Which of blood vessels have valves?

A

Veins

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355
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide?

A

increase

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356
Q

Which substance is pumped into the urine due to ANP?

A

Sodium

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357
Q

Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?

A

Increase

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358
Q

When measuring peripheral blood pressure, the first sound heard when releasing pressure from the cuff represents which phase of the blood pressure?

A

Systolic

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359
Q

Which layer of a blood vessel is made up of smooth muscle?

A

Tunica Media

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360
Q

Baroreceptors belong to a group of receptors known as “mechanoreceptors” or “____” receptors.

A

Stretch Receptors

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361
Q

Which of the autonomic nervous systems is the PRIMARY regulator of the vasomotor center to regulate blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic

362
Q

Does Nitric Oxide belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term of blood pressure?

A

Short term

363
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to low volume is?

A

Hypovolemic

364
Q

Does the release of more antidiuretic hormone increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Increase

365
Q

For the chemoreceptors, does an increase in hydrogen ions cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?

A

Increase

366
Q

An instrument used to measure blood pressure by cutting off blood flow in an artery and listening to the sounds made when flow is re-established is what?

A

Sphygomomanometer

367
Q

Where is ANP made?

A

Atria

368
Q

A process in which a blood vessel’s smooth muscle relaxes so diameter of vessel gets larger?

A

Vasodilation

369
Q

What percent of hypertension cases have known causes?

A

10%

370
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?

A

Increase

371
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of endothelin?

A

Increase

372
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ANP?

A

Decrease

373
Q

The most abundant form of hypertension is?

A

Primary or Essential

374
Q

What is the location for the production of most of the body’s adrenalin?

A

Adrenal Medulla

375
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: decrease or increase of ANP?

A

Increase

376
Q

Which of the thin-walled blood vessels have diameters between 8-100um?

A

Venules

377
Q

How do the arteries of the skin respond to increased temperature?

A

Vasodilation

378
Q

ADH causes its effects by vasoconstriction and “____?”

A

Water retention

379
Q

What enzyme is responsible for changing angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

380
Q

Does vasodilation in the periphery cause and increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decreases

381
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to emesis is?

A

Hypovolemic

382
Q

Where is ADH made?

A

Hypothalamus

383
Q

Is endothelin released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

384
Q

The ability of tissues regulate their own blood pressure to keep it steady regardless of changes in blood pressure elsewhere and also known as local control or?

A

Autoregulation

385
Q

What specific tissue makes up the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

386
Q

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart are known as what?

A

Arteries

387
Q

Where is endothelin made?

A

Endothelium

388
Q

How does ADH cause water retention?

A

Turns on protein synthesis of water channels in kidneys

389
Q

What is the location for the production of most of the body’s epinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

390
Q

Does stimulation of the baroreceptors increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Decrease

391
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to a bacterial or fungal infection in blood is?

A

Septic

392
Q

How many sodium ions are pumped into the extra cellular matrix (ECM) under the influence of aldosterone?

A

Three

393
Q

Vasodilation caused by and increase in lactic acid is known as the “____” theory of autoregulation?

A

Metabolic Theory

394
Q

Specialized blood vessels with diameters between 10um - 0.3mm

A

Arterioles

395
Q

To which group of lipids does aldosterone belong?

A

Steroids

396
Q

Vasodilation caused by and increase in carbon dioxide is known as the “____” theory of autoregulation?

A

Metabolic theory

397
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: stimulation of baroreceptors or inhibition of baroreceptors?

A

Inhibition

398
Q

Where is angiotensin II made?

A

Lungs

399
Q

For osmosis, what generally follows the osmotically active particle sodium?

A

Water

400
Q

Which of the vessels demonstrate the largest combined surface area?

A

Capillaries

401
Q

A term that means to listen as in listening to the heart sounds, etc?

A

Auscultation

402
Q

What percent of hypertension cases belong to the primary type?

A

90%

403
Q

What percent of hypertension cases have no known cause?

A

90%

404
Q

How does aldosterone cause water retention?

A

Activates sodium pump in kidneys to reabsorb sodium

405
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease acetylcholine?

A

Decrease

406
Q

Drugs that lower blood pressure by blocking the production of angiotensin II are known as?

A

ACE inhibitors

407
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of epinephrine?

A

Decrease

408
Q

As fluid leaves the arterial end of a capillary, does it become hypertonic, hypotonic, or remain isotonic?

A

Becomes hypertonic

409
Q

On what compound does renin act (what is its substrate?)

A

Angiotensinogen

410
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the baroreceptors increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation?

A

Decrease

411
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to an imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems is what?

A

Neurogenic

412
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diarrhea is what?

A

Hypovolemic

413
Q

Does endothelin increase or decrease blood?

A

Increase

414
Q

How many potassium ions are pumped into the urine to be excreted under the influence of aldosterone?

A

Two

415
Q

The areas of the body that contain the most baroreceptors are?

A

Carotid sinus and Aortic arch

416
Q

ANP activates the sodium pump to pump 3 sodium ions “into” or out of” the urine?

A

Into

417
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diuresis is what?

A

Hypovolemic

418
Q

The ability of tissues regulate their own blood pressure to keep it steady regardless of changes in blood pressure elsewhere and also known as autoregulation or?

A

Local control of blood pressure

419
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of acetylcholine?

A

Increase

420
Q

For osmosis, water generally follows which osmotically active particle?

A

Sodium

421
Q

Does angiotensin II cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

increase

422
Q

In which vessels does the exchange of blood gases occur?

A

Capillaries

423
Q

Where is angiotensin I made?

A

Liver

424
Q

Where is aldosterone made?

A

Adrenal cortex

425
Q

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is?

A

Vasopressin

426
Q

The sound listened to when cutting off blood flow in an artery and listening to the sounds made when flow are known as “___” sounds?

A

Korotkoff’s

427
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of nitric oxide

A

Decrease

428
Q

Does the renin-angiotensin system activate due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

429
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ADH?

A

Increase

430
Q

Does nitric oxide typically act systemically or locally?

A

locally

431
Q

Does vasoconstriction in the periphery cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Increase

432
Q

Which substance is pumped out of the urine to be reabsorbed by the body due to ANP?

A

Potassium

433
Q

The sodium pump moves how many potassium ions out of urine?

A

Two

434
Q

For the chemoreceptors, does an increase in carbon dioxide cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?

A

Increase

435
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to burns is what?

A

Hypovolemic

436
Q

Does a relatively high capillary hydrostatic pressure tend to push fluid in or out of a capillary?

A

Out

437
Q

For the chemoreceptors, does a decrease in oxygen cause an increase or decrease in the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?

A

Increase

438
Q

Is ADH released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

439
Q

The sodium pump moves ho many sodium ions into the urine?

A

Three

440
Q

As blood approaches the arterial end of a capillary, does fluid move into the capillary or out?

A

Out

441
Q

Is nitric oxide released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Increase

442
Q

If the blood pressure falls, what enzyme is released from the kidneys?

A

Renin

443
Q

The outermost, connective tissue layer of a blood vessel is known as?

A

Tunica externa

444
Q

Which of the blood vessels regulate a majority (2/3) of peripheral resistance?

A

Arterioles

445
Q

For the baroreceptors, does an increase in blood pressure cause them to increase or decrease the number of action potentials traveling to the vasomotor center?

A

Increase

446
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to diaphoresis is?

A

Hypovolemic

447
Q

How do the arteries of the lungs respond to high levels of oxygen?

A

Vasodilation

448
Q

Blood flow to tissues relative to the tissue’s mass is known as?

A

Perfusion

449
Q

The area of the brain responsible for regulating blood pressure is located in the what?

A

Medulla Oblongata

450
Q

Does ADH belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?

A

Short term

451
Q

What percent of the interstitial fluid must be removed by the lymphatics?

A

10%

452
Q

What percent of total blood volume is contained in the veins and the venules?

A

64%

453
Q

At the venous end of a capillary, is the “capillary hydrostatic pressure” high or low when compared to the interstitium?

A

Low

454
Q

Does atrionatriuretic peptide (ANP) belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?

A

Short term

455
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary, is the “capillary hydrostatic pressure” high or low when compared to the interstitium?

A

high

456
Q

Does vagal stimulation cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?

A

decrease

457
Q

Relative to fluid balance, the amount of solute, especially proteins, in the interstitium is referred to as?

A

Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

458
Q

Do the chemoreceptors belong to the factors that regulate short term or long term control of blood pressure?

A

short term

459
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a rise in blood pressure: increase or decrease of ADH?

A

Decrease

460
Q

Relative to fluid balance, the amount of solute, especially proteins, in the capillary is referred to as?

A

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure

461
Q

Which of the following would occur in response to a drop in blood pressure: increase or decrease of epinephrine?

A

Increase

462
Q

How do the arteries of the lungs respond to low levels of oxygen?

A

Vasoconstriction

463
Q

Which of the cranial nerves supplies the baroreceptors in the aortic arch?

A

Vagus

464
Q

Does parasympathetic stimulation cause an “increase” or “decrease” in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

465
Q

Profuse sweating with fluid loss is known as?

A

Diaphoresis

466
Q

Arteries with diameters between .3mm - 10mm which make up most of the named arteries?

A

Muscular Arteries

467
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary, is the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure high or low when compared to the interstitium?

A

High

468
Q

Where does angiotensin I go to play its major role?

A

lungs

469
Q

Over stretched veins with compromised valves which allow tissue edema are known as?

A

Varicose Veins

470
Q

Very large, thick walled vessels, near the heart are known as?

A

Elastic Arteries

471
Q

Relative to fluid balance, the fluid pressure in the interstitium is referred to as?

A

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

472
Q

What percent of the total blood volume is contained in the veins?

A

54%

473
Q

Does a relatively high interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure tend to push fluid in or out of a capillary?

A

in

474
Q

Does angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction

475
Q

Does stimulation of the higher centers of the brain increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

Increase

476
Q

Another name for an abnormal increase in urinary output (urinating) is?

A

Diuresis

477
Q

Which of the cranial nerves supplies the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus?

A

Glossopharyngeal

478
Q

A type of hypertension in which the patient demonstrates a diastolic blood pressure great than 140 mmHg?

A

Malignant

479
Q

Another name for vomiting is?

A

Emesis

480
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary, is the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure high or low when compared to the interstitium?

A

Low

481
Q

How do the arteries of the brain respond to increased levels of carbon dioxide?

A

Vasodilation

482
Q

What blood vessel in the antecubital region is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Brachial artery

483
Q

Does an increase in the number of action potentials from the chemoreceptors increase or decrease heart rate?

A

Increase

484
Q

At the venous end of a capillary, is the “capillary colloid osmotic pressure” high or low when compared to the interstitium?

A

High

485
Q

As blood reaches the venous end of a capillary, does fluid move into the capillary or out?

A

In

486
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to hemorrhage is?

A

Hypovolemic

487
Q

A type of hypertension, for which the cause is known?

A

Secondary

488
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to heart failure such as myocardial infarction is?

A

Cardiogenic

489
Q

An abnormal increase in blood pressure is referred to as?

A

Hypertension

490
Q

Is ANP released due to an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Increase

491
Q

How do the arteries of the brain respond to increased levels of hydrogen ions?

A

Vasodilation

492
Q

Where does renin have its direct effect?

A

Liver

493
Q

A type of poor tissue perfusion due to a hypersensitive reaction to an allergy is?

A

Anaphylactic

494
Q

Does activation of the renin-angiotensin system cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Increase

495
Q

Which results in the release of renin, an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Decrease

496
Q

Does parasympathetic stimulation allow “vasodilation” or “vasoconstriction” in the periphery?

A

Vasodilation

497
Q

Does the total lung capacity (TLC) increase or decrease due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Increase

498
Q

What tissue lines the bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

499
Q

What specific tissue makes up the parietal pleura?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium

500
Q

What tissue lines the bronchi?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

501
Q

This area regulates breathing rhythms during vocalization?

A

Pontine Respiratory Centers

502
Q

What is the primary cause of COPD?

A

Smoking

503
Q

What organism causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

504
Q

Pus in pleural cavity is known as what?

A

Empyema

505
Q

A compound produced by the alveoli that makes it easier to breathe?

A

Surfactant

506
Q

What is the normal value for the percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second?

A

75-85%

507
Q

For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the carbon dioxide levels if the hydrogen ion levels decrease?

A

Decreases

508
Q

What is the diameter of a typical alveolus?

A

0.2-0.5 mm

509
Q

Is forced expiration (inhalation) during exercise accomplished with or without muscle contraction?

A

With muscle contraction

510
Q

Which cells of the lung tissues most closely resemble basophils?

A

Mast cells

511
Q

Water-soluble compounds such as H+ “do” or “do not” cross the blood brain-barrier easily?

A

Do Not

512
Q

An inflammation of the linings of the lungs and thoracic cavity often accompanied by the accumulation of fluids?

A

Pleurisy

513
Q

What nerve transmits signals from the carotid chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?

A

Glossopharyngeal

514
Q

Which of the alveolar cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II

515
Q

Does a decrease in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or biphosphoglycerate (BPG) cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Bind

516
Q

How much blood is found in the capillaries of the lungs?

A

120 mL

517
Q

Which is the most abundant cell type of the alveoli?

A

Type I cells

518
Q

What causes 1/3 of the collapsing forces of the lungs?

A

Elastic forces of the lungs

519
Q

Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if pH is 7.6 or pH is 7.2?

A

pH is 7.6

520
Q

How does surfactant make it easier to breathe?

A

Reduces surface tension of water

521
Q

Which cell type makes up 5% of the alveoli?

A

Type II cells

522
Q

Escherihia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas are examples of?

A

Gram Negative Bacteria

523
Q

A potentially fatal condition characterized by caseous necrosis and airborne, person-to-person transmission?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

524
Q

A genetic disease in which excessive mucus production causing respiratory and gastrointestinal problems?

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

525
Q

Which cells of the lung tissues produce histamine?

A

Mast cells

526
Q

What is the most superficial (closest to the lumen or air) layer of the respiratory membrane?

A

Fluid

527
Q

The amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation is referred to as?

A

Residual Volume

528
Q

What specific tissue makes up the visceral pleura?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

529
Q

What type of tissue does the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles become in squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

530
Q

What type of values would you expect with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Lower

531
Q

How does surfactant have its effect?

A

Reduces the surface tension of water

532
Q

Approximately what percent of CO2 is carried by Hemoglobin?

A

20%

533
Q

Which layer of the respiratory membrane is second from the alveolar lumen?

A

Alveolar epithelium

534
Q

A foreign object such as a blood clot which lodges in the pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

535
Q

The common phagocytic cells of the lung tissues are known as?

A

Macrophage

536
Q

How thick is the respiratory membrane?

A

0.5 um

537
Q

What tissue lines the pharynx?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

538
Q

What would be the result of a patient with 50 square meters for the combined surface area for the capillaries of the lungs?

A

Hypoxia

539
Q

Identify the space between two pleura?

A

Pleural Cavity

540
Q

What is the combined surface area for the capillaries of the lungs?

A

100 square meters

541
Q

Approximately what percent of CO2 is found in the form of Carbonic Acid (H2C03)?

A

70%

542
Q

Once in the lungs, which way does bicarbonate ion go relative to the erythrocyte?

A

In

543
Q

Is expiration (exhalation) at rest accomplished with or without muscle contraction?

A

Without

544
Q

Once in the lungs, which way does the chloride ion go relative to the erythrocyte?

A

Out

545
Q

What is produced when CO2 binds with H2O?

A

Carbonic Acid

546
Q

Specific forces of the lung tissue that facilitate the collapse of the lungs are known as?

A

Elastic Forces of the Lungs

547
Q

0.5% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?

A

Water vapor

548
Q

What effect on AVR does rapid, shallow breathing have?

A

Decrease

549
Q

A general term for the various forms of lung cancers is?

A

Brochogenic Carcinomas

550
Q

An insensitive epithet sadly given to patients with emphysema is?

A

Pink Puffers

551
Q

The surface tension of water is caused by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

552
Q

One of the major forces facilitating inhalation is “____” intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative

553
Q

Name the major respiratory muscle.

A

Diaphragm

554
Q

An overwhelming majority of pulmonary embolisms originate where?

A

Femoral or Calf veins

555
Q

What percent of lung cancers is caused by squamous cell carcinoma?

A

30%

556
Q

The chemoreceptors found within the central nervous system are referred to as?

A

Central

557
Q

Name the tissue type that lines the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

558
Q

Which layer of the respiratory membrane is fifth from the alveolar lumen?

A

Capillary basement membrane

559
Q

Another term for a disease acquired while in the hospital?

A

Nosocomial

560
Q

Which compound normally found in the body has the least significant effect on respiration rates?

A

Oxygen

561
Q

For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the carbon dioxide levels if the hydrogen ion levels increase?

A

Increases

562
Q

Which layer of the respiratory membrane is fourth from the alveolar lumen?

A

Interstitium

563
Q

Areas such as the mouth in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Air Space

564
Q

One of the major forces facilitating inhalation is negative “____” pressure?

A

Intrapleural

565
Q

The medical term for a collapsed lung is?

A

Atelectasis

566
Q

Which of the bronchogenic cancers tends NOT to be very responsive to therapy?

A

Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma

567
Q

Which component of the respiratory system is thoracic?

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

568
Q

Is inspiration (inhalation) at rest accomplished with or without muscle contraction?

A

With

569
Q

An area at the base of the internal carotid arteries which contain a large group of chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid bodies

570
Q

Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which demonstrates an average survival time of only 9-10 months past diagnosis?

A

Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma

571
Q

To which component of the respiratory system do the bronchi and bronchioles belong?

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

572
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, does the intrapleural pressure become more positive or negative?

A

Negative

573
Q

What percent of the alveolar cells are type I?

A

95%

574
Q

What is the typical volume for anatomical dead air space?

A

150 mL

575
Q

Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) “increase” or “decrease” due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Increase

576
Q

The amount of blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries is known as?

A

Perfusion

577
Q

Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) “increase” or “decrease” due to fibrosis?

A

Decrease

578
Q

What tissue lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

579
Q

What percent of atmosphere gases is contributed by water vapor?

A

0.46%

580
Q

Which tissue type makes up the capillary endothelium of the respiratory membrane?

A

Simple Squamous

581
Q

The accumulation of air entering the pleural cavity causing the lungs to collapse?

A

Pneumothorax

582
Q

The maximum amount of air exhaled beyond tidal volume is known as what?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

583
Q

Give the normal value for alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?

A

4200 mL/min

584
Q

Areas such as the nasal passages in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Air Space

585
Q

Areas such as the trachea in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Air Space

586
Q

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is known as?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

587
Q

The percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second is known as ?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

588
Q

Does the functional reserve capacity (FRC) “increase” or “decrease” due to tuberculosis

A

Decrease

589
Q

Which specific area of the central nervous system integrates signals from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors and sends information to the respiratory centers of the brain?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

590
Q

Dead air space due to disease which is added to anatomical dead air space is known as?

A

Physiological Dead Air Space

591
Q

A good indicator of ventilation effectiveness which looks at the ventilation rate, tidal volume, and subtracts Dead Space from Tidal Volume?

A

Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)

592
Q

The maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation is known as?

A

Vital Capacity

593
Q

Give the normal values for Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)?

A

75-85%

594
Q

Areas such as the bronchi in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Air Space

595
Q

The loss of negative, interpleural pressure as it equilibriates with atmospheric pressure?

A

Pneumothorax

596
Q

An abnormal increase in carbon dioxide will cause an increase in “____” resulting in acidosis?

A

Hydrogen Ions (H+)

597
Q

What is the value for the maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation?

A

4800 mL

598
Q

The amount air inhaled per minute is what?

A

Minute Ventilation

599
Q

The maximum amount of air inspired after tidal expiration is referred to as what?

A

Inspiratory Capacity

600
Q

Most of the air that is subjected to gas exchange is referred to as?

A

Alveolar Air

601
Q

Areas such as the larynx in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Air Space

602
Q

Does the total lung capacity (TLC) “increase” or “decrease” due to tuberculosis?

A

Decrease

603
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, does the intrapleural volume increase or decrease?

A

Increases

604
Q

Areas in the respiratory system in which NO gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Dead Air Space

605
Q

Does an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

606
Q

What is the typical value for alveolar air?

A

350 mL

607
Q

What percent of atmospheric gases is contributed by nitrogen?

A

78.6%

608
Q

The number one cancer cause of death in both women and men is cancer of the “___”

A

Lung

609
Q

Does an increase in hydrogen ions, “increase” or “decrease” ventilation rate?

A

Increase

610
Q

Does the residual volume (RV) “increase” or “decrease” due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Increase

611
Q

Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which constitutes 30-35% of the lung cancers and appears to originate from glands and has a rather weak correlation with smoking?

A

Adenocarcinoma

612
Q

A right shift in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in temperature?

A

Increase

613
Q

The surface tension of water is caused by?

A

The polar nature of the water molecules

614
Q

A condition in which there is abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

Hypocapnia

615
Q

Does an increase in CO2 “increase” or “decrease” ventilation rate?

A

Increase

616
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries?

A

40 mmHg

617
Q

As blood moves from the arterial end of an alveolar capillary towards the venous end, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the what?

A

Shift to the left

618
Q

What happens to the diameter of a bronchiole if CO2 levels are high?

A

Bronchodilation

619
Q

Compared to atmospheric (alveolar) air pressure, the intrapleural pressure must be “____” in order to inhale?

A

Negative

620
Q

During the chloride shift for erythrocytes in the tissues (away from the lungs), which way does the bicarbonate ion go relative to the cell?

A

Out

621
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the veins?

A

40 mmHg

622
Q

A diagrammatic representation of when and where Hgb picks up or releases oxygen?

A

Oxygen-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

623
Q

At rest, how much of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is delivered to the tissues?

A

5 mL/dL plasma

624
Q

The amount of gas (air) reaching the alveoli is known as?

A

Ventilation

625
Q

The higher the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration?

A

Lower

626
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the pulmonary veins?

A

40 mmHg

627
Q

What is typical volume of air inhaled at rest?

A

500 mL

628
Q

During the chloride shift for erythrocytes in the tissues (away from the lungs), which way does the chloride ion go relative to the cell?

A

In

629
Q

Does an increase in “ventilation rate” or “volume” increase AVR more efficiently?

A

Volume

630
Q

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is mainly found in the “____” and kidney tubules?

A

Erythrocytes

631
Q

Which compounds normally found in the body has the second greatest effect on respiration rates?

A

Carbon Dioxide

632
Q

What is the name for HCO3- (has a negative charge)?

A

Bicarbonate Ion

633
Q

Name the layer that adheres to the outside of the lungs?

A

Visceral Pleura

634
Q

What percent of the alveolar cells are type II?

A

5%

635
Q

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is mainly found in the erythrocytes and “___ ___?”

A

Kidney Tubules

636
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary arteries?

A

40 mmHg

637
Q

Fat-Soluble compounds such as CO2 “do” or “do not” cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?

A

Do

638
Q

Which cells of the lung tissues cause asthma?

A

Mast cells

639
Q

An exercise in which the patient takes a deep breath and forcibly exhale maximally as rapidly as possible is known as?

A

Forced Vital Capacity

640
Q

The higher the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the alkalinity?

A

Higher

641
Q

These send action potential to the diaphragm?

A

Inspiratory Neurons

642
Q

What enzyme is responsible for converting CO2 plus water into carbonic acid and visa versa?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

643
Q

A left shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in fetal hemoglobin?

A

Increase

644
Q

Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if the metabolic rate is “higher” or “lower”?

A

lower

645
Q

The endocrine function of the respiratory system is demonstrated by the lung’s ability to produce which hormone?

A

Angiotensin II

646
Q

Does an increase in temperature cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

647
Q

The Haldane effect allows for the eventual removal of?

A

Hydrogen Ions and carbon dioxide

648
Q

Which layer of the respiratory membrane is sixth from the alveolar lumen?

A

Endothelium of capillary

649
Q

For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the hydrogen ion levels if the CO2 levels decrease?

A

Decreases

650
Q

According to Boyle’s law, are pressure and volume directly or indirectly related?

A

Indirectly

651
Q

A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in CO2?

A

Decrease

652
Q

The lower of the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the acidity?

A

Higher

653
Q

Which would be greater, the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin if the temperature is 37 degrees centigrade or the temperature is 45 degrees centigrade?

A

37 degrees centigrade

654
Q

Is forced inspiration (inhalation) during exercise accomplished with or without muscle contraction?

A

With

655
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of CO2 in the pulmonary arteries?

A

45 mmHg

656
Q

How many times more oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?

A

3

657
Q

Tumors that originate elsewhere in body are said to be?

A

Metastatic

658
Q

The process in which a bicarbonate ion is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl-) is known as?

A

Chloride Shift

659
Q

The lower the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration?

A

Higher

660
Q

This form of bronchogenic carcinoma constitutes 20-25% of lung cancers, demonstrates the worse prognosis, and has the highest correlation with smoking?

A

Small (Oat) Cell Carinoma

661
Q

Compared to the tissues the lungs have “more” or “less” diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or biphosphoglycerate (BPG)?

A

Less

662
Q

What is the result from damage to the pontine respiratory center?

A

The inability to fully exhale

663
Q

What tissue lines the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

664
Q

Which compound normally found in the body has the greatest effect on respiration rates?

A

Hydrogen Ions (H+)

665
Q

Will prolonged vomiting cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Bind

666
Q

In the fetus, where does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

Placenta

667
Q

How much oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?

A

15 mL/dL plasma

668
Q

A thick fibrous capsule filled with creamy cheese-like material?

A

Tubercle

669
Q

Compared to the lungs the tissues have “more” or “less” hydrogen ions (H+)?

A

More

670
Q

The inability to fully exhale after damage to the brain is known as?

A

Apneustic Breathing

671
Q

In the human, where does hemoglobin release oxygen?

A

Tissues

672
Q

What type of values would you expect with asthma?

A

Lower

673
Q

Will pulmonary disease cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

674
Q

As blood moves from the arterial end of a tissue capillary towards the venous end, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the?

A

Right

675
Q

What is the size of a typical tumor found in small cell or oat cell carcinoma?

A

Less than 6-8 mm diameter

676
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?

A

12-18 breaths per minute

677
Q

Does an increase in hydrogen ion concentrations cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

678
Q

Which layer of the respiratory membrane is third from the alveolar lumen?

A

Alveolar basement membrane

679
Q

An insensitive epithet sadly given to patients with long germ bronchitis?

A

Blue bloaters

680
Q

Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide is known as?

A

Carboxyhemoglibin

681
Q

What is the most common type of pneumonia?

A

Community Acquired

682
Q

This form of lung cancer constitutes approximately 30%

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

683
Q

Destruction of pulmonary arterioles/capillaries, causing an increase in resistance to blood flow is known as?

A

Pulmonary Hypertension

684
Q

Will fever cause hemoglobin to “Bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

685
Q

Name the sole innervation for the major respiratory muscle?

A

Phrenic nerve

686
Q

Does an increase in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) cause hemoglobin to “Bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

687
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins?

A

45 mmHg

688
Q

An area throughout the aortic arch which contain a large group of chemoreceptors?

A

Aortic bodies

689
Q

A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?

A

Decrease

690
Q

A form of blindness seen in infants that were treated for pulmonary distress using very high concentrations of oxygen?

A

Retrolental Fibroplasia

691
Q

This area regulates breathing rhythms during exercise?

A

Pontine Respiratory Centers

692
Q

A type of atelectasis caused by the retraction of scar tissue?

A

Contraction

693
Q

The higher the pH, the “higher” or “lower” the acidity?

A

Lower

694
Q

What is H2CO3?

A

Carbonic Acid

695
Q

A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in temperature?

A

Decrease

696
Q

What percent of oxygen is carried, bound to hemoglobin?

A

98.5%

697
Q

What tissue type makes up type I alveolar cells?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

698
Q

Which way will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to indicate that hemoglobin will bind to oxygen?

A

Left

699
Q

At rest, what percent of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is delivered to the tissues?

A

22%

700
Q

A condition in which there is abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

Hypercapnia

701
Q

The maximum amount of air inhaled beyond tidal volume is known as?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

702
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary veins?

A

100 mmHg

703
Q

At what location of the postnatal body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the left?

A

Lungs

704
Q

A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?

A

Increase

705
Q

Inflammation of the bronchi causing obstruction?

A

Bronchitis

706
Q

Polar compounds such as H+ “do” or “do not” cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?

A

Do Not

707
Q

Pathological changes in lungs due to inhalation of particles is known as?

A

Pneumoconiosis

708
Q

Hemoglobin bound to CO2 is known as?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

709
Q

Which of the lung cancers demonstrates the poorest prognosis?

A

Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma

710
Q

Name the motor nerve for the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

711
Q

Which of the bronchogenic carcinomas tends to be the least responsive to both chemo and radio-therapies?

A

Large Cell (Undifferentiated) Carcinoma

712
Q

A disease that causes the destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity of lungs?

A

Emphysema

713
Q

A disease that causes permanent enlargement of alveoli?

A

Emphysema

714
Q

Measuring volumes and capacities of the respiratory system is known as ?

A

Spirometry

715
Q

Give the location for the dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)?

A

Medulla Oblongata

716
Q

Nonpolar compounds such as CO2 “do” or “do not” cross the blood-brain-barrier easily?

A

Do

717
Q

0.04% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?

A

CO2

718
Q

A type of atelectasis caused by blood entering the pleural cavity?

A

Hemothorax

719
Q

The typical treatment for atelectasis is?

A

Deep breathing exercises

720
Q

Give the location for the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)?

A

Medulla Oblongata

721
Q

Does an increase in fetal hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Bind

722
Q

A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by “increase” or “decrease” in hydrogen ion concentration?

A

Increase

723
Q

A condition in which the right ventricle is damaged due to long term pulmonary disease?

A

Cor Pulmonale

724
Q

These inhibit the action potentials sent to the diaphragm?

A

Expiratory Neurons

725
Q

An allergic inflammation of the lungs with bronchospasms and mucus production?

A

Asthma

726
Q

A condition in which a diver loses reason and logic without any warning symptoms due to a drop in the levels of oxygen due to its displacement by another gas under extreme pressure?

A

Nitrogen narcosis

727
Q

Approximately what percent of pulmonary embolisms originate in the femoral or calf veins?

A

90%

728
Q

What saturation level does arterial blood reach?

A

97%

729
Q

At what location of the body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the right?

A

Tissues

730
Q

An elevation in the number of RBCs may cause skin to have a pinkish color?

A

Polycythemia

731
Q

Where are tumors typically found in squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Near the hilus

732
Q

For the carbonic anhydrase equation, what happens to the hydrogen ion levels if the carbon dioxide levels increase?

A

Increases

733
Q

Two or more respiratory or pulmonary volumes are known as?

A

Pulmonary Capacities

734
Q

The percent of vital capacity that is exhaled in 1 second is known as what?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume

735
Q

Which gas displaces oxygen at the tremendous pressures experienced by deep diving?

A

Nitrogen

736
Q

The primary cause of lung cancer in absolute numbers is what?

A

Smoking

737
Q

In which structures of the lungs does most of the gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

738
Q

Which tissue type makes up the alveolar epithelium of the respiratory membrane?

A

Simple squamous

739
Q

Where are tumors typically found in small cell or oat cell carcinoma?

A

Centrally

740
Q

What is the value for the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during 1 normal breath?

A

500 mL

741
Q

Compared to the lungs the tissues have “more” or “less” diphosphoglycerate (DPG) or bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?

A

More

742
Q

A symptom of patients with long-term pulmonary disease which describes the appearance of the ends of their fingers?

A

Clubbed fingers

743
Q

Does a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Bind

744
Q

Give the value for the total lung capacity?

A

6,000 mL

745
Q

The fact that in a mixture of gases, each gas contributes to total pressure is known as?

A

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

746
Q

Does a decrease in temperature cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Bind

747
Q

Does the forced expiratory volume (FEV) “increase” or “decrease” with obstructive diseases such as asthma?

A

Decrease

748
Q

What nerve transmits signals from the Aortic chemoreceptors to the respiratory center?

A

Vagus

749
Q

A type of atelectasis caused by the displacement of the pleural cavity by a tumor, fluid, or air within the pleural cavity?

A

Compression

750
Q

This area regulates breathing rhythms during sleeping?

A

Pontine Respiratory Centers

751
Q

At what location of the fetal body is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve typically shifted to the left?

A

Placenta

752
Q

A type of atelectasis caused by air trapped in the alveoli diffusing out of the alveolus?

A

Absorption or Obstructive

753
Q

What percent of atmospheric gases is contributed by oxygen?

A

20.9%

754
Q

This area smooths out the transition between inspiration and expiration?

A

Pontine Respiratory Centers

755
Q

What is the mortality rate (percentage) for hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

50%

756
Q

What is the typical partial pressure of the oxygen in the arteries?

A

100 mmHg

757
Q

A right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in CO2?

A

Increase

758
Q

What is the number 2 cause (next to heart disease) of disability in adults under the age of 65?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

759
Q

The surface tension of water is caused by?

A

Attractive forces of water molecules

760
Q

Areas such as the pharynx in which no gas exchange occurs are known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Air Space

761
Q

20.9% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?

A

Oxygen

762
Q

A foreign object (clot, plaque, air, etc) traveling in the blood is what?

A

Embolus

763
Q

A symptom of patients with long-term pulmonary disease which describes the appearance of their enlarged thoracic cavity?

A

Barrel-chested

764
Q

Does a decrease in CO2 cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Bind

765
Q

What percent of oxygen can be delivered to the tissues during heavy exercise as compared to that delivered at rest?

A

66%

766
Q

A type of atelectasis often caused by pneumonia?

A

Patchy

767
Q

Because the lungs do not collapse for emphysema patients they demonstrate “___” expiration?

A

Labored

768
Q

A left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by an “increase” or “decrease” in hydrogen ion concentration?

A

Decrease

769
Q

What happens to the diameter of a pulmonary arteriole if ventilation is low?

A

Vasoconstriction

770
Q

Compared to the lungs the tissues are “warmer” or “cooler?”

A

Warmer

771
Q

What type of organism causes the most of the community acquired pneumonia?

A

Gram Positive Streptococcus

772
Q

Which is the LEAST abundant cell type of the alveoli?

A

Type II cells

773
Q

A relatively mild or self limiting form pneumonia is?

A

Viral

774
Q

Will diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate ions) cause hemoglobin to “bind” or “release” oxygen?

A

Release

775
Q

Which type of pneumonia have a rather poor prognosis?

A

Hospital acquired

776
Q

What type of organism causes the most of the hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Gram Negative Bacteria

777
Q

In the postnatal human, where does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?

A

Lungs

778
Q

What percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

A

1.5%

779
Q

Compared to the tissues the lungs are “warmer” or “cooler?”

A

Cooler

780
Q

78.6% of our atmosphere is comprised of which gas?

A

Nitrogen

781
Q

Asbestosis belongs to which category of pulmonary diseases?

A

Pneumoconiosis

782
Q

What percent of the lung cancers is caused by small cell or oat cell carcinoma?

A

20-25%

783
Q

A disease caused by the genetic loss of Chloride channels?

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

784
Q

Which mode of transmission typifies tuberculosis?

A

Airborne

785
Q

Strongest correlation with smoking is what?

A

Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma

786
Q

Black lung seen in coal miners belongs to which category of pulmonary diseases?

A

Pneumoconiosis

787
Q

A term that describes dead tissue with a “cheese-like” appearance is?

A

Caseous Necrosis

788
Q

Which way will the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shift to indicate that hemoglobin will release oxygen?

A

Right

789
Q

Smoking increases a person’s risk of lung cancer by how much?

A

25 times

790
Q

Which is the most common fatal genetic disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

791
Q

Which cell type makes up 95% of the alveoli?

A

Type I Cells

792
Q

Compared to the tissues the lungs have “more” or “less” hydrogen ions (H+)?

A

Less

793
Q

Compared to the tissues the lungs have “more” or “less” CO2?

A

Less

794
Q

The total amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration is referred to as?

A

Functional Residual

795
Q

What causes 2/3 of collapsing forces of the lungs?

A

Surface tension of water

796
Q

At rest, what saturation level does venous blood typically drop to?

A

75%

797
Q

What type of tissue typified the bronchi and bronchioles in a healthy lung… prior to lung cancer?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

798
Q

An inhibitory signal which cuts off inspiratory efforts if the lungs overfill?

A

Hering-Breuer or Inflation reflex

799
Q

This form of bronchogenic carcinoma constitutes 20-25% of lung cancers?

A

Small (Oat) cell

800
Q

Compared to the lungs, the tissues have “more” or “less” CO2?

A

More

801
Q

Which cells of the lung tissues cause allergic reactions?

A

Mast cells

802
Q

What is the major product of the type II alveolar cells?

A

Surfactant

803
Q

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during 1 normal breath is known as what?

A

Tidal Volume

804
Q

What tissue type makes up most of the alveolar wall?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

805
Q

The most common form of metastatic tumors of the lung originate from what tissue?

A

Breast

806
Q

The process by which more CO2 can bind with hemoglobin under conditions of low oxygen levels is known as?

A

Haldane Effect

807
Q

Give the location for the pontine respiratory center?

A

Pons

808
Q

Does the total lung capacity (TLC) “increase” or “decrease” due to fibrosis?

A

Decrease

809
Q

Where are tumors typically found in adenocarcinomas?

A

Periphery

810
Q

Give the combined alveolar surface area?

A

70 m^2

811
Q

The chemoreceptors found outside of the central nervous system are referred to as?

A

Peripheral

812
Q

What tissue lines the nasal cavities?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

813
Q

Of all the bronchogenic carcinomas, which demonstrates a 5 year survival rate of less than 5% and has the highest correlation with smoking?

A

Small (Oat) Cell Carcinoma

814
Q

Name the lining of the thoracic wall?

A

Parietal Pleura

815
Q

A condition caused by the formation of bubbles in the blood due to a sudden reduction in pressure?

A

The Bends or Decompression Sickness

816
Q

-ia

A

condition

817
Q

-iatrics

A

medical specialty

818
Q

ile-

A

intestine

819
Q

im-

A

not

820
Q

inter-

A

between

821
Q

intercal-

A

insert

822
Q

intra-

A

within, inside

823
Q

-ism

A

condition

824
Q

iso-

A

equal

825
Q

jugul-

A

throat

826
Q

juxta-

A

near

827
Q

karyo-

A

kernal, nucleus

828
Q

kera-

A

horn

829
Q

kilo-

A

thousands

830
Q

kin-

A

to move

831
Q

kines-

A

to move

832
Q

labi-

A

lip

833
Q

labri-

A

lip

834
Q

lact-

A

milk

835
Q

lacun-

A

space or cavity

836
Q

lamell-

A

small plate

837
Q

lamina

A

layer, sheet

838
Q

lat-

A

wide

839
Q

laten-

A

hidden

840
Q

later-

A

side

841
Q

-lemma

A

sheath, husk

842
Q

leuko-

A

white

843
Q

leva-

A

raise

844
Q

lingua-

A

tongue

845
Q

lip-

A

fat

846
Q

lipo-

A

fat

847
Q

lith-

A

stone

848
Q

-logy

A

the study of

849
Q

luci-

A

clear

850
Q

lumen

A

light

851
Q

lut-

A

yellow

852
Q

lymph

A

water

853
Q

-lysis

A

loosening, breaking down

854
Q

macro-

A

large

855
Q

macula

A

spot

856
Q

magn-

A

large

857
Q

mal-

A

bad, abnormal

858
Q

-malacia

A

soft

859
Q

mamm-

A

breast

860
Q

-mania

A

obsession, compulsion

861
Q

mast-

A

breast

862
Q

mater

A

mother

863
Q

meat-

A

passage

864
Q

medi-

A

middle

865
Q

medull-

A

middle or inner portion

866
Q

mega-

A

large

867
Q

meio-

A

less

868
Q

melan-

A

black

869
Q

men-

A

month

870
Q

meningo-

A

membrane

871
Q

menstru-

A

month

872
Q

mer-

A

a part

873
Q

mero-

A

a part

874
Q

meso-

A

middle

875
Q

meta-

A

between, transition

876
Q

metro-

A

uterus

877
Q

micro-

A

small

878
Q

mictur-

A

urinate

879
Q

mito-

A

thread, filament

880
Q

mnem-

A

memory

881
Q

mono-

A

single

882
Q

morpho-

A

form

883
Q

multi-

A

many

884
Q

mur-

A

wall

885
Q

muta-

A

change

886
Q

myelo-

A

spinal cord, marrow

887
Q

myo-

A

muscle

888
Q

nano-

A

dwarf

889
Q

narco-

A

numbness

890
Q

-nata

A

birth

891
Q

natri-

A

sodium

892
Q

necro-

A

death

893
Q

neo-

A

new

894
Q

nephro-

A

kidney

895
Q

neuro-

A

nerve

896
Q

noci-

A

harmful

897
Q

-nom

A

govern

898
Q

nom-

A

name

899
Q

noto-

A

back

900
Q

nucle-

A

pit, kernel, little nut

901
Q

nutri-

A

feed, nourish