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researchMETHODS AND CONDUCTING RESEARCH Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the types of experiments?

A

quasi
natural
field
lab

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2
Q

what is a quasi experiment ?

A

the variables are naturally occurring and can’t be manipulated by the researcher e.g having pp autism or not

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3
Q

lab experiment

A

takes place in a lab with controlled conditions
lacks ecological validity
less extraneous variables
can manipulate the IV

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4
Q

natural experiment

A

takes place in a natural environment the researcher cannot manipulate the IV and extraneous variables, meaning we cannot be sure of cause and effect but there’s lots of ecological validity. However it is hard to replicate and check reliability.

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5
Q

what are the types of observation

A

non-participant vs participant
covert vs overt
controlled vs natural

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6
Q

what is an aim

A

a statement of what the researcher is going to investigate

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7
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a statement predicting the research results before the research has been carried out

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8
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis?

A

predicts a difference or correlation between the IV and DV or between co variables

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9
Q

what is an experimental hypothesis?

A

a statement that states a difference between Iv and dv

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10
Q

what is a correlational hypothesis

A

between 2 co variables

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11
Q

difference between directional and non-directional?

A

directional = specifying what the difference will be
Non-directional = States that there will be a difference but not what that difference will be

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12
Q

when do you use a directional hypothesis?

A

We use a directional hypothesis when there has been clear consistent research before your experiment that suggests which direction the research will go.

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13
Q

what are the 5 sampling methods?

A

volunteer, opportunity, systematic, stratified and random

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14
Q

what is a volunteer sample

A

self selected sample

  1. decide on how you will get your volunteers - advert
  2. where will you put it?
  3. vollunteers will respond and youll select the first that arrive and fit your sample size
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15
Q

what is an opportunity sample?

A

Anyone who is in vicinity and is willing chosen by the researcher

  1. decide where and what time you will select sample
  2. Go and do it selecting they amount to fit you size
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16
Q

what is a random sample?

A

All members of the population are equally likely to be chosen

  1. all of names in target P
  2. assign number to each one
  3. each number in piece of paper
  4. container
    5.shake
  5. select
  6. repeat until sample size is filled
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17
Q

what is a stratified sample?

A

Gathers a representive sample

  1. asses targert population
  2. put into strata/groups
  3. work out sub group percentages
  4. find same % for sample
  5. select who should go in each condition trhrough random sampling
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18
Q

what is systematic?

A

A form of random sampling with a system

  1. all people from targert population
  2. put into a list
  3. decide nth
  4. select each nth person
  5. continue until sample size is selected
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19
Q

what is a pilot study?

A

small scale trial of the actual study. Can be used for anything including questionnaires. Allows researcher to identify potential issues and then modify the design

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20
Q

what is single blind?

A

P.P not aware of all the details of research

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21
Q

what is double blind?

A

neither P.P aware of the research being conducted

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22
Q

what is validity?

A

The extent to which a test measures what it is believed to measure

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23
Q

what is internal validity?

A

The extent to which the dependent variable is influenced by the independent variable alone and not any other variables

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24
Q

what is external validity?

A

How far can we generalise the findings in relation to other settings

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25
Q

what is ecological validity?

A

Can it be generalised to other settings or to everyday life

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26
Q

what is temporal validity?

A

Is It valid for all time frames/ages

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27
Q

what is concurrent validity?

A

How well the research correlates with a previously meased validated measure

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28
Q

what is reliability ?

A

how consistent are the findings or results of the research

29
Q

what are extraneous variables?

A

factors that are affecting the research outside of the independent variable but doesn’t completely affect the findings.

30
Q

what are confounding variables?

A

an unmeasured factor that effects the findings since it influences the relationship between IV and DV

31
Q

what are investigator effects?

A

unwanted influence of the investigator for a specific research outcome

32
Q

what are demand characteristic’s?

A

cues that help P.P interpret the aims of an experiment

33
Q

what is standardization?

A

every P.P is subject to the same conditions and there is a fixed methodology in the study

34
Q

what is randomization?

A

randomizing aspects of an experiment to reduce the effect of extraneous/cofounding variables

35
Q

what are the three experimental design?

A

matched pairs, repeated measures and independent groups

36
Q

what is independent groups?

A
  • P.P complete different conditions
  • randomlly allcoated to each condition to avoid researcher bias
  • unrelated design
37
Q

what is repeated measures?

A

each P.P would complete both conditions. P.P may become bored or work out the aims or become better. But needs less P.P and they’re the same.

38
Q

what is matched pairs?

A

P.P are paired together by relevant variables and the one pair takes part in one group and the other pair in the other group. P.P can’t be perfectly matched. Time consuming and matched but no order effects.

39
Q

what is covert vs overt ?

A

covert is when the P.P are unaware of they’re the focus of the study which would remove participant reactivity so their behaviour is natural ^ validity but the ethics may be questioned. Overt is when the P.P have been informed that they’re being observed

40
Q

what is non-participant vs participant?

A

A participant experiment is when the research becomes involved with the study to have a first-hand observation. This gives them increased insight potentially increasing validity, but they may lose objectivity and get caught up being a P.P. Non-participant is when they stay separate from the study allowing them to be objective but may lose insight.

41
Q

what is natural vs controlled observation?

A

This refers to weather the observation takes place in the context where the behavior would normally occur or in a more controlled setting like a lab. Natural = ^ external validity and more generalizable but lack of control makes replication difficult, may also be uncontrolled extraneous variables.

42
Q

why are scatter graphs the best graphs for plotting data for correlational research?

A

because they clearly display the relationship between two variables and allow us to draw conclusions about the research. such as negative/positive/zero correlation

43
Q

why can we not make solid conclusions from correlations?

A

they only show a relationship
we cannot assume causation
there could be a confounding/third variable responsible for the relationship

44
Q

what is a meta-analysis?

A

meta-analysis is the process where researchers collect and collate a wide range of previously
conducted research on a specific area
• collated research is reviewed together
• combined data/effect size is often statistically tested to provide an overall conclusion.

45
Q

what is an unstructured observation?

A

write everything down they see
detailed

46
Q

when is an unstructured observation useful and when is it not?

A

for a small group it is Good but if there’s many participants there too much going on to note everything and they may miss important details

47
Q

what is a structured observation?

A

use a predestined list of behaviours that you will observe

48
Q

evaluate structured observations

A

+ easier to record and analyse date
- if poorly defined behaviour categories it will fail

49
Q

evaluate unstructured observations

A

+ depth and detail
- may not record important behaviour since there is no guidance
- more time analysing date
- could not see important data
- unintentional researcher bias bc you record behaviour that catches ur eye

50
Q

what are behavioural categories?

A

what you break the target behaviour into when youre doing an observation. These should be operationalised

51
Q

what must behavioural categories be?

A

observable, measurable and self-evident

52
Q

what is continuous recording?

A

recording all behaviours for the full duration of observation

53
Q

what is event sampling?

A

counting the number of times a behaviour/event occurs in the time

54
Q

what is time sampling?

A

record the behaviour in the observation in an established time frame

55
Q

what are the methods of sampling in an observation?

A

event, time and continuous

56
Q

evaluate event sampling

A

good if behaviour happens infrequently and would be missed by time sampling
but
if behaviour isnt defined well they may miss behaviours
will be hard to count if it happens often

57
Q

evaluate time sampling

A

stops observer being overhwelmed with observation but the time frame selected maybe unrepresentitive overall of the behaviour

58
Q

what are the self-report methods?

A

questionaire and interview

59
Q

what is a questionaire?

A

predetermined list of questions my be used in an experiement

60
Q

what is an open question?

A

doesnt have a fixed range of answers and tend to produce qualatiative data

61
Q

what is a closed question?

A

fixed number of responses
quantatative data

62
Q

what is a structured interview?

A

pre-dertermined set of questions that are used in a fixed order

63
Q

what is an unstructured interview?

A

no set questions
just general topic will be dicussed
free flowing
interviewee is encouraged to expand on answers

64
Q

what is a semi structured interview?

A

set list of questions but interview can formulate their own follow up questions to learn more

65
Q

evaluate structured interviews

A

easy to replicate
reduces differences in interviewers
cannot elaborate on topic and may not get as much data

66
Q

evaluate unstructured interviews

A

gain more insight
more date to sort out and interpret
not replicable

67
Q

how would someone conduct matched pairs?

A

• the researcher needs to ensure that the two groups are matched for key
variables
• example of at least one key variable – any that might reasonably be
expected to affect memory in this situation, eg eyesight, age, intelligence
• all participants should be pre-tested / assessed for the key variable /
variables
• for each person in one condition, the researcher should assign a
‘matched’ person in the other condition.

68
Q

what is operationalisation?

A

clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured, TURNING ABSTRACT CONCPETS INTO A AN OBSERVABLE MEASURE

69
Q

what is the structure for a directional hypoth?

A

PP who [ condition A ] will

psychology (74 decks)

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