memory - eye witness testimony

Question 1

what is a leading question ?

Answer 1

a question that aims to lead someone to a specific answer

Question 2

who did research into leading questions ?

Answer 2

loftus and palmer

Question 3

what was loftus and palmers research into LQ ?

Answer 3

45 students watched clips of a car crash and were then asked how fast the cars were going when they collided however the verb changed each time

Question 4

what was Gabberts research ?

Answer 4

two groups - 1st group watched a car crash then discussed what they had seen after, the controlled group didn’t discuss. they found the group which had post event discussion had more inaccuracies than controlled group

Question 5

evaluate misleading information

Answer 5

• demand characteristics
• individual differences
• lack of ecological validity
  + practical application for police
  + controlled lab studies

Question 6

what effect does anxiety have on recall ?

Answer 6

could have both positive and negative effect

Question 7

what is anxiety ?

Answer 7

a state of of emotional and physical arousal and a normal reaction to stress.

Question 8

what was johnson and scotts research ?

Answer 8

ANXIETY = NEGATIVE EFFECT ON EWT - > pp thought they were in lab study but one group whilst in waiting room heard an argument from another room in the low anxiety group a man walked out with a pen in his hand but high anxiety group a man walked out with a knife and blood on his hand . they were then asked to identify the man carrying either object recall was better for low anxiety group.

Question 9

what is the tunnel theory ?

Answer 9

a witnesses attention narrows to a weapon to focus on

Question 10

what are the stages of cognitive interview ?

Answer 10

report everything , reinstate the context , change the order, change perspective

Question 11

who showed anxiety has a negative effect on ewt?

Answer 11

johnson and scott

Question 12

who showed anxiety has a positive effect on ewt?

Answer 12

yullie and cutshall

Question 13

what did yullie and cutshall do ?

Answer 13

Asked witnesses of a robbery and shooting to report what happened 5 months after it happened. they then compared this too their original police statement and asked them to rate their anxiety on a scale of 1-10 those with higher anxiety recalled better.

Question 14

weakness of cognitive interview

Answer 14

takes lots of time
have to train police specially to be able to do it

Question 15

what does the yerkes dodson law suggest

Answer 15

there is an optimum level of anxiety that allows best recall to take place

Question 16

what are the forms of misleading information?

Answer 16

leading questions
post-event discussion

Question 17

what factors effect eye witness testimony?

Answer 17

misleading information
anxiety

Question 18

Gabberts findings

Answer 18

71% of PP mistakenly recalled things that were not in the video this is compare to 0% of the control group this is memory conformity

Question 19

what words did loftus and palmer use?

Answer 19

collided, smashed, hit, bumped , contacted

Question 20

loftus and palmer findings

Answer 20

contacted = 31.8mph
smashed = 40.5mph

Question 21

what were the findings of loftus and palmers experiment? (concverened with effect on memory)

Answer 21

the wording of a question can alter a persons memory
PP who heard the word smashed later reported seeing broken class in the clip even though there wasnt any

Question 22

findings of johnson and scott

Answer 22

PP picked out man from 50 photos and found 49% PP identified man holding the pen but only 33% of PP identified man with the bloody knife

Question 23

what were yuille and cutshalls findings?

Answer 23

very acurrate EW report after 5 months with minor inacurracies - those who reported higher stress = more accurate 88% vs 75%

Question 24

whats the imporatnce of reportin everything?

Answer 24

discussing trivial details may trigger other important memories

Question 25

importance of reinstating the context?

Answer 25

by imaginging the setting it may act as a cue for more information (context depednet forgetting)

Question 26

importance of reversing the order

Answer 26

decreases the likelihood of the the eye witness stating what they expect wouldve happened

Question 27

importance of changing perspective

Answer 27

prevents the effect of schemas

Question 28

when was loftus and palmers research?

Answer 28

1974