Memory - models of memory Flashcards
duration of STM ?
18 seconds
who found the duration of STM was 18 seconds ?
Peterson and Peterson
what was Peterson and Petersons research in the duration of STM ?
tested 24 students by giving them three letters then told them to count back from a number and then repeat the letters they were told. after each time they were given different lengths of time to count back
duration of LTM ?
Up to a life time
who studied the duration of LTM ?
bahrick
what was Bahricks research in the duration of LTM ?
Gave 392 participants year books from their school year and asked them to recall the names of the people with and without images of their face
what is capacity of STM?
7±2
who did research into capacity of STM ?
miller (magic number 7)
jacob digit span test
what was millers research into capacity of STM ?
we gravitate to number 7 and can chunk info into this amount
what is capacity of LTM?
unlimited
what is the encoding of the STM ?
acoustic
what is the encoding of the LTM?
semantic
who did research into encoding of the STM ?
Baddeley
who did research into coding of the LTM ?
Baddeley
what are the types of coding ?
visual , semantic and auditory
what is semantic coding ?
associated with meaning
what are the types of LTM ?
procedural , episodic and semantic
what is episodic memory ?
memory of events, it is time stamped meaning we remember exactly when it happened , you have to make a conscious effort to recall these memories and many elements are included in one singular memory - distinctive
what is semantic memory ?
memory of facts / knowledge , it is not personal or time stamped but can be constantly added to
what is procedural memory ?
memory of skills e.g walking , we can recall these with little effort and conscious awareness
what evidence is there of the types of LTM ?
brain scans show it (Tulving) and case study of clive wearing = he could play piano
what is the format of MSM ?
environment input , SS , ( pay attention to info ) , STM , (maintenance rehearsal ) , LTM
how does MSM work ?
Input comes from the environment through the SS, you must pay attention to this information for it to go into STM then by doing maintenance rehearsal of this info it can stay in STM but with more rehearsal it can be transferred to the LTM .
what is the sensory store in the MSM ?
encoded by sensory information and has duration of 1 second but very large capacity
what is the STM store in the MSM ?
acoustically stored with capacity of 7±2 items and a duration of up to 18 seconds.
strengths of MSM
research support into coding of memory - Baddeley found that we tend to mix up words with similar sounds in STM but mix up words with similar meanings in LTM showing stores are separate
practical application - flash cards / revision
weaknesses of MSM
refuting research – there are more than one type of LTM so it isn’t an independent store
Shallice and Warrington patients KF had a brain injury and showed there is more than one store for STM
over simplified
most research uses artificial materials so lacks validity
how did glanzer and cunitz show structure of MSM
Pp had a List of 20 words to learn 100%, participants mostly remembered numbers from the start and end of the list this is because of primacy and recency effect. This supports theory that there Is a LTM & STM store.
what are the stores of WMM ?
central executive , episodic buffer , phonological loop , visuo-spatial sketchpad and the LTM
what is the central executive ?
monitors incoming information and allocates it to the three slave systems
what is the episodic buffer ?
a limited capacity storage system responsible for integrating information from several sources to create a unified memory, sometimes referred to as a single ‘episode’
what is the phonological loop ?
responsible for verbal and acoustic tasks
what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad ?
process visual information. scribe into the inner scribe (objects arranged in visual field) and visual cache (stores visual data).
what are the divisions and roles of the sub sections in phonological loop ?
articulatory system allows maintenance rehearsal of words so they stay in STM until they’re needed. Phonological store stores words we hear.
what happens if too much info is sent into the same slave system?
the aren’t as efficient info is processed quicker if they use different slave systems
what are the strengths of WMM ?
+ research support – Shallice and Warrington (patient KF) and Baddeley ( two groups one do 2 visual tasks other group do one visual one verbal)
+ more comprehensive explanation of STM than the MSM
what are the limitations of WMM ?
Shallice and Warrington had bias sample
- artificial task from Baddeley
- too vague there is little research into the central executive
what was shallice and warringtons study
patient KF had a brain injury which meant he had limited recall of things read to him but could read things himself this shows phonological loop is broken but visuo-spatial sketch pad is intact
what was baddeleys study into WMM ?
first group of pp did visual and verbal task (describe letter f )
second group did 2 verbal tasks
group one were the quickest because info went across more than one store of WMM
who researched the primary and reccency effect?
galzner and cunitz
what is encoding?
When information comes into our memory system (from sensory input), it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with so that it can be stored. the format that it is changed in to its encoding method
general memory stages
encoding
storage
retrieval
