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psychology > forensics - dealing with offending behaviour > Flashcards

forensics - dealing with offending behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the methods of dealing with offenders?

A

1) custodial sentencing
2) anger management
3) behaviour modification
4)restorative justice

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2
Q

what is custodial sentencing?

A

A punishment decided by a court whereby the person spends time in ‘custody’. For example, prison or a young offenders institute.

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3
Q

what are reasons for CS?

A

Deterrence
Incapacitation
Retribution
Rehabilitation

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4
Q

What is deterence?

A

deter people from committing crime again

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5
Q

what is incapacitation?

A

Incapacitation – A means of protecting the public and stopping people from committing more crime

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6
Q

what is retribution?

A

Retribution – revenge for society, offender is ‘paying’ for their actions

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7
Q

what is rehabilitation?

A

Rehabilitation – a chance to reform before they’re back into the public
Psychological effects

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8
Q

what are the psychological effects of CS?

A
  • Stress and depression
  • Institutionalisation
  • Prisonisation
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9
Q

how does CS cause stress and depression?

A
  • Stress and depression  suicide rates are higher in prison as are self-harm rates.
  • conditions of custody can be poor
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10
Q

how doe CS cause institutionalisation?

A
  • Institutionalisation  prisoners become so accustomed to prison life they cannot function outside of prison
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11
Q

what is prisonisation?

A
  • Prisonisation  prisoners adopt an ‘inmate code’. Through socialisation with prison they may be encouraged to engage in mora criminality that would not be allowed outside.
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12
Q

what is recidivism?

A

the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend

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13
Q

what is recidivism rates in uk?

A

57% of offenders in the UK will reoffend within a year of release. in 2013
This is a lot higher than Norway who emphasise on rehabilitation.

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14
Q

evaluate custodial sentencing

A
  • Suicide rates in prisons have tended to be 15X higher in prisons than in the general population. This suggests custodial sentencing is not effective in the rehabilitation of offenders.
  • Prison reform trust found that 25% of women and 15% of men reported symptoms of psychosis - the oppressive prison regime may trigger psychological disorders
  • individual differences - whilst it is psychologically challenging for many not all people will react in the same way. It depends on length of sentence, crime committed and [psychological stability when entering prison confinement. There is no one way that apply to every prisoner at every prison. - some may have undiagnosed issues before going in as well
  • There are many opportunities in prison such as education and training to be employed when released. Also, programmes for social skills and anger management. Prison may be worth it.
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15
Q

what is the foundation of behaviour modification?

A
  • if behaviour is learned
  • we can reinforce desired behaviour and unlearn behaviour we do not want such that it becomes extinct through punishment
  • this enforces obedience in prisons
  • can be set up using token economys
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16
Q

what is the main reward system used in prisons?

A

token economy

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17
Q

what is the token economy?

A

reinforcing good behaviour with a token that can be exchanged for a reward

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18
Q

what kind of rienfrcers are the tokens?

A

secondary

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19
Q

what was hobbs and holt research?

A

introduced token economy with young delinquents and observed significant difference in positive behaviour when this programme was enforced.

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20
Q

evaluate behaviour modification

A
  • Its easy to implement. No need for professionals like anger management. Meaning it Is cost effective and has economical implications.
  • however field it wrks best when people hve specific, individual tailored programmes but this would cost a lot of money and time to do
  • little rehabilitative value - positive change in prison may be lost when outside of prison. It establishes good conduct in prison but is unlikely to last beyond a custodial setting. Law-abiding behaviour is not enforced outside of prison. - Encourages passive learning – doesn’t actually change their disposition unlike anger managment which encourages active learning that can decrease recidivism
  • NOT ETHICAL - dehumanising for the people – call loved one for good
21
Q

what is anger management?

A
  • A therapeutic programme
  • identifying the signs that trigger anger
  • learning techniques to calm down
  • deal with the situation in a positive way
22
Q

Who put forward anger management?

A

Novaco

23
Q

what does novaco think?

A

cognitive factors trigger the emotional arousal which generally comes before aggressive acts

24
Q

what type of therapy is anger management?

A

CBT

25
Q

SIMPLY what is the process/aim of anger management?

A
  • recognises the cognitive factors that trigger their anger and loss of control.
  • then develop techniques to resolve the tigger without turning to violence.
26
Q

what are the stages anger management?

A

1) Cognitive prep
2) Skill acquisition
3) Application practice

27
Q

what does cognitive prep involve?

A

1) Cognitive prep  Offender reflects on past experiences. What triggers anger? And the therapist highlights when their reaction is irrational.

28
Q

what does skill aquisition involve?

A

2) Skill acquisition  Offender introduced to cognitive, behavioural or physiological techniques to help deal with anger provoking situations more effectively.
Cognitive – positive self-talk to encourage calmness.
Behavioural – Assertiveness training to help communication more effectively.
Physiological – Relaxation training or meditation.

29
Q

what is application practice?

A

3) Application practice  Offenders are given the opportunity to practice their skills in a controlled environment. Example = role play between offender and therapist.
If the offender deals successfully with the role they are given positive reinforcement by the therapist.

30
Q

evaluate anger management

A
  • Eclectic approach - involves both cognitive, behaviourist and SLT concepts. Role play, self-management. This multidisciplinary approach recognises complexity of social activity and crime.
  • More insight into the cause of their crime rather than superficial. More likely to change behaviour permenantly and reduce recidivism. unlike behaviour modification which is a passive form of dealing with offenders.
  • Limited long-term effectiveness - doesnt always reduce recidvism in the long run - maybe because the role play is artifical and in the real world it is harder than that
  • not all crime involves anger - so it wouldnt be appropriate for everyone - financial crimes etc are not suaully motivated by anger
  • trained professionals - expensive
31
Q

what is restorative justice?

A

a system of criminal justice which focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large.

32
Q

what has to be given by both offender and victim before restorative justice can occur?

A

A Restorative Justice meeting only goes ahead with both parties’ consent, and is mediated by a trained Restorative Justice facilitator.

33
Q

who has to be present in restorative justice meetin?

A

trained mediator

34
Q

where does restoriative justice take place?

A
  • Non-courtroom setting where offenders voluntarily meet with survivors.
  • Can be face-to-face meeting or conducted remotely via video link.
35
Q

what does restorative justice do for the offendor?

A
  • Allows the offender to comprehend the consequences of their actions, including the emotional distress caused.
36
Q

what does restorative justice offer the survivor?

A
  • The survivor is given the opportunity to confront the offender and explain how the crime affected them.
37
Q

should restorative justice be passive/active?

A
  • Important that there is an active rather than passive involvement of all parties in the process wherever possible.
38
Q

who is involved in restorative justice?

A

victime, offender and mediator
- Other people may have a role in the process, for example, neighbours, friends and family of the survivor.

39
Q

what is the focus of restorttiave justice?

A
  • Focuses on positive outcomes for both survivor and offender.
40
Q

cognitive skill in anger managment

A

Cognitive – positive self-talk to encourage calmness.

41
Q

behavioural skills in anger managment

A

Behavioural – Assertiveness training to help communication more effectively.

42
Q

physiological skills in anger managment

A

relaxation/ meditation

43
Q

what is the process of the national anger managment package?

A

8 two hour sessions
the first seven over a three week period
last two a month later

44
Q

who studied outcome of the national anger managment package

A

julia keen - positive - effective outscome - increaed awareness of anger and were able to react more calmly

44
Q

who putforward the national anger managment package

A

england and wales prison system

45
Q

what are the key features of restrative justice?

A
  • focus on acceptance of responsibility
  • not restricted to courtrooms
  • active rather than passive
  • focus on positive outcomes for both parties
46
Q

Evaluate restorative justice

A
  • offers diverse programmes, this is good because it means it can be tailored to the individual situation and what the people need
  • relies on offender showing remorse - offenders my use it to avoid prison instead of actually trying to improve, the victim may also have a motive, this means may not have positive outcomes when participants do not have Good intentions
  • expensive - requires a trained meaditor between the criminal and victim and may have large drop out rates due to victim losing their nerve, not always the most cost effective
  • not suitable for all cases such as rape - there is a problem with the power imbalance in this situation - it is not appropriate for all crimes - this situation may lead to victim blaming
47
Q

how to set up token economy

A
  • 1 identify desired behaviour
  • 2 break it down
  • 3 form a basline measure
  • 4 all officers must follow the same regime of selective rienforcement
  • it s all overseen by prisn officials
48
Q

how was crime treated historically?

A

a criminal offence was a crim towards the state, this hanges te blame so that it is focused on retribution for the victim

psychology (74 decks)

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