psychopathology - Depression Flashcards
behavioural characteristics of depression
Aggression
Self-harm
Activity levels
Sleep and eating
cognitive characteristics of depression
Poor concentration
Dwelling on negative
Absolute thinking
emotional characteristics of depression
lowered mood and self esteem
anger
what does beck think causes depression?
negative thoughts
what does Ellis think causes depression?
irrational thinking
what is the basis of cognitive approaches?
They asses human cognition e.g., thinking.
what is the negative triad?
Negative view of the world - the world is a hard place
Negative view of the furture
Negative view of the self resulting in low self esteem
what are negative self-schemas?
We interpet the informaton invloving our selves negatively.
what does beck mean by faulty processing?
when depressed we attaned to the negative aspects of a situation and ingore the positives. We have a black and white mind set.
what is Elli’s theory?
ABC model - 1962
explain the ABC model
Activating event- the event that triggers the irrational thought. Such as, failing a test.
Beliefs- irrational beliefs. Musturbation = belief we must succeed. Uptopianism = belief life should be fair.
Conceuqences- when an event triggers irational beliefs there are behavioural and emotional concequences.
what is CBT generally?
Most common treatment for depression and other mental health problems. Begins with an assessment to clarify patients’ problems. Then identify goals to achieve. CBT involves changing negative thoughts.
what is Becks CBT?
Central component is challenging an individual’s thoughts about the world. This involves testing the reality of them. So, they may be set homework such as record when people are nice. This is sometimes referred to ‘patient as scientist’.
What is Ellis’s CBT named?
Ellis’s rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) extended the ABC model to ABCDE
What is the ABCDE model?
Extends ABC model to ABCDE. D = dispute and E = effect. Central technique is to identify and dispute irrational thoughts. The intended effect is to change irrational thought and break the link between negative life events and depression. This requires an argument. Empirical and logical.
what are general 3 steps for CBT?
assess
identify
set goals
evaluate becks cognitive explanation
+ Practical applications for example CBT, makes it more useful
+ Research support – Graziani terry assessed 65 pregnant women and found that women with cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post-natal depression.
- cause and effect
- Refuting research - Seligman - electrocuted dogs until they didn’t respond suggests that they learned pression , not faulty thinking
evaluate Elis’s cognitive explanation
+ practical applications for example CBT, makes it more useful
- not all depression is caused by an activating event so her explanation only applies to some.
Evaluate CBT
+ it is effective – march compared the effects of CBT to antidepressants and them together. After 36 weeks, 81% of CBT and antidepressants were improved and 86% together
- May not work for severe cases which need medication – CBT can not be main treatment for everyone
- success may be due to the quality of patient-therapist relationship not CBT
- overemphasis on cognition over environment and may demotivate people to change their situation
- some people want to discuss the past
what is musturbation?
belief that we should succeed
what is utopianism?
belief that life should be fair
what does the A mean in ABC model
activating event
what does the B mean in ABC model
BELIEF
what does the C mean in ABC model
CONCEQUENCE
who conducted research support for CBT? WHAT DID THEY DO?
March, effects of CBT in 327 adolscents and found 81% had improved
march research?
march compared the effects of CBT to antidepressants and them together. After 36 weeks, 81% of CBT and antidepressants were improved and 86% together
what did Grazilio and terry do and find?
hat Grazioli terry assessed 65 pregnant women and found that women with cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post-natal depression.
what did seligman do
electrocuted dogs until they didn’t respond suggests that they learned pression , not faulty thinking
