Psychotherapy A 9

Question 1

Therapist institutional discrimination…

Answer 1

occurs even though psychologists are aware of such discriminations

Question 2

Goldstein findings about YAVIS (6)

Answer 2

found therapists judged YAVIS clients as more similar to them and as a consequence clients: 1) talked more; 2) suppressed less information; 3) admitted more distress; 4) was more responsive to therapeutic suggestions; 5) reported more consensual validation (i.e. agreed upon salient topics - reason for problem and treatment)

Question 3

Conclusion Goldstein (1973) (3)

Answer 3

1) psychotherapist discrimination leads to differential outcomes; 2) outcomes explained by social comparison theory and person perception; 3) ultimately explains why (talking) psychotherapies are considered middle class therapies

Question 4

Client’s perspective of treatment (versus therapist view) study

Answer 4

Murphy, Cramer & Lillie (1984)

Question 5

Murphy, Cramer & Lillie (1984) (4)

Answer 5

1) completed a long term follow up (5 years after therapy had terminated); 2) surveyed participants (three therapists and 24 clients) of a successful intervention; 3) intervention involved systematic desensitization of simple phobias; 4) used semi-structured interview to determine the most important aspect of the therapy

Question 6

Results of Murphy, Cramer & Lillie (1984)

Answer 6

therapists emphasised the scientific basis of therapy (active) whereas clients emphasised (non-specific placebo) 1) talking to someone about their problems, getting and accepting advice, therapist encouragement and reassurance

Question 7

In the future what should psychology do (3)

Answer 7

1) Try to remove placebos [like medicine] and discover effective therapies?; 2) Continue to focus on science of psychotherapy and ignore the presence of placebos?; 3) Continue to use psychotherapies, but focus on maximizing placebo influences?

Question 8

What is important for behavioural change

Answer 8

importance of wider contextual factors on behaviour change

Question 9

Types of wider contextual factors (5)

Answer 9

1) History of previous treatments [role/impact of previous failures]; 2) Involvement of significant others [family/friends]; 3) Adherence – following protocols; 4) The reality of attrition – dropping out of treatment before there is effective behaviour change; 5) The reality of relapse – short term versus long term effectiveness of psychotherapy

Question 10

Interpersonal influences (3)

Answer 10

conformity; obedience; power

Question 11

Power

Answer 11

underlies the therapeutic relationships and allows social influence (or the therapeutic process) to occur

Question 12

Power is so powerful that…

Answer 12

Power is so powerful that legislation is invoked so no other relationship should exist (eg, personal relationship [cannot treat family] or sexual relationship [cannot initiate sexual relations with client])

Question 13

Types of power (5)

Answer 13

expert power; referent power; legitimate power; informational power; coercive power

Question 14

Expert power

Answer 14

therapist presumed to be skilled in dealing with psychological problems

Question 15

Referent power

Answer 15

perceived to be attractive role models