Psychotherapy A 6

Question 1

What was needed Smith & Glass (1977)

Answer 1

had to have minimum statistics (to calculate effect size) of outcome measures (dependent measure)

Question 2

Smith & Glass (1977) method

Answer 2

50,000 subjects; mean age of sample was 22 years; mean therapist experience was 3.5 years; mean duration of therapy was 17 hours; mean effect size was 0.68 (medium effect size) with only 12% in the negative direction

Question 3

Reliability Smith & Glass (1977)

Answer 3

inter-rater reliability of coding independent variable was > 0.90

Question 4

Placebo independent variables Smith & Glass (1977) (5)

Answer 4

therapist experience; therapist-client similarity; client age; client IQ; source of clients

Question 5

Treatment independent variables Smith & Glass (1977) (6)

Answer 5

type and duration of therapy; mode of therapy delivery; severity of problem; types of measures; duration of follow-up; internal validity of research design

Question 6

Smith & Glass (1977) Results

Answer 6

average client receiving some form of psychotherapy was 80% better off than untreated controls; 20% of clients receiving some form of psychotherapy are worse off than untreated controls (not helped or made worse by psychotherapy)

Question 7

Smith & Glass (1977) Results effectiveness of various types of psychotherapy

Answer 7

no significant differences between psychotherapies

Question 8

Smith & Glass (1977) Results therapies in order of best to worst

Answer 8

CBT best; systematic desensitisation; behaviour modification; psychodynamic; Gestalt; humanistic client-oriented

Question 9

Smith & Glass (1977) which independent variable best predicts treatment outcome

Answer 9

used regression analysis (on effect size) to determine main causal factor; put all IVs in (to predict dependent variable = effect size)

Question 10

Findings Smith & Glass (1977)

Answer 10

50% of total variance explained by factors here versus other factors not measures here; 20% of total variance was placebo (non-psychotherapy factors) i.e. client IQ, therapist client similarity, (negative) length of follow up time between last session and final evaluation

Question 11

Smith & Glass (1977) Conclusions (4)

Answer 11

Overall, psychotherapy was significant better than no treatment controls; Some controls recovered without any therapy; Same overall outcome/success irrespective of treatment; Around half the explained variance associated with non-specific (placebo) variables

Question 12

Contemplation (pre-treatment) phases

Answer 12

1) barriers; 2) motivation

Question 13

Steps to become a client (the patient role) (5)

Answer 13

necessary for client to 1) self-identify as psychologically ill; 2) decide to see a therapist; 3) decide to go to therapy; 4) remain in therapy long enough to achieve change; 5) comply with therapeutic requests which include entering situations and completing behaviours that the patient has previously avoided

Question 14

Example psychoanalysis

Answer 14

resistance to therapeutic suggestions

Question 15

Example behaviourism

Answer 15

entering avoidance phobic settings