ADHD 4 Flashcards
What factors distinguished east children from difficult children
irregular rhythms; withdrawal (rather than approach) novel situations; slow to warm up
Analysis of ADHD (query) children at 3-4 years old found
active; slow to toilet train; oppositional/mischievous
ADHD prognosis childhood outcomes
injuries; academic underachievement; relationships
ADHD prognosis adolescence outcomes
motor vehicle accidents; smoking/substance abuse; low self esteem
ADHD prognosis adult outcomes
under-employed/low income; legal difficulties
Clinical and functional outcome childhood ADHD 33 years later
36% incarcerated; 7.2% deceased; 62% conduct disorder; 33% antisocial personality disorder; 45% alcohol-related disorder; 56% substance use disorder; 60% nicotine dependence; 59% any mood disorder; 18% any anxiety disorder
What is the major treatment approach for ADHD
majority medication, then some medication and therapy, then just therapy then neither treatment
How many people are on medication
74% of children (4-17 years) are on medication
Medication was introduced in
first introduced in 1937
What is a common type of treatment
Ritalin
Ritalin
(or methylphenidate) is an amphetamine and CNS stimulant; drug course temporary (6 months) due to addiction and side effects
Drug mechanism
although giving a stimulant to a hyperactive child is counter-intuitive, researchers believe it increases concentration and attention span and thus ADHD child more alter to their impact
Studies on treatment effectiveness
studies show 60-70% improvement in behaviour, however placebo effect of 30% that is childrens’ behaviour change is maintained when challenged with medication that has no active ingredient
Why
logically, if there is no biological agent in placebo, then the change must be environmental/psychological
Definition of placebo
a beneficial effect produced by a non-active drug or treatment which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient’s belief/expectations in that treatment
