Crime 7

Question 1

Predicted high crime area

Answer 1

offender has high prospect, high refuge and an easy escape route

Question 2

Archea (1985)

Answer 2

completed a naturalistic observation of criminals selling stolen goods (to undercover police) in two situations that varied in prospect, refuge and escape.

Question 3

Archea (1985) found (3)

Answer 3

Found that criminals 1) maximised ability to see all the surroundings (prospect); 2) minimised the likelihood of being seen (refuge); 3) and were more comfortable with more than one escape route

Question 4

Cromwell (1991) offender study

Answer 4

Field (ethnographic) study of house burglars; asked them to identify which houses and when would they break into them

Question 5

Cromwell (1991) results

Answer 5

found that offenders chose day time (less likely to be occupied); houses that appeared unoccupied; Drove around and picked targets; After decision, act quickly; Tested by knocking on doors; Stated tried to minimise being caught

Question 6

Jackson’s neighbourhood survey

Answer 6

An analysis of 1250 crimes over four years in one police area in an outer suburban region of Melbourne, with both rural and urban areas

Question 7

Jackson’s neighbourhood survey results

Answer 7

found that crime was associated with prospect, refuge, escape

Question 8

Prospect Jackson’s neighbourhood survey

Answer 8

long, straight streets provide good prospect compared to short streets or curved streets

Question 9

Refuge Jackson’s neighbourhood survey

Answer 9

shorter distances from public spaces (major arterial roads and shops) to crime scene provides good refuge

Question 10

Escape Jackson’s neighbourhood survey

Answer 10

the number of exits from the street and the greater the ratio of exits to length of street provides good escape

Question 11

Fear of crime highest when

Answer 11

offender has high refuge; victim has limited prospect; victim has limited escape

Question 12

Risk of crime lowest when

Answer 12

offender has low refuge; victim has high prospect; victim has high escape

Question 13

Person at highest risk of being crime victim

Answer 13

youth (15-29); male; single; living alone (goes out at night); in labour force (or school) [also most likely to be offenders]

Question 14

Person at lowest risk of being crime victim

Answer 14

elderly; female; married; living with others; home duties/retried; also most likely to be afraid of being a victim

Question 15

How many crimes are reported

Answer 15

estimated only 41% of crimes reported