Psychotherapy A 4

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

including negative attitudes to professional help-seeking, lack of confidence in the professional opinion of the specialist or doctor, an attitude not to adhere to professional advice, a culture of self-reliance especially in rural areas

Question 2

Beliefs

Answer 2

including the belief that the problem would go away or could be solved without help, not wishing to admit to having a disorder, accessing help making it “real”, and not selecting GPs as a source of help.

Question 3

Stigma

Answer 3

including embarrassment, privacy and confidentiality concerns particularly amongst those living in a small town, and emergence of negative self-perceptions.

Question 4

Practical barriers

Answer 4

such as lack of transport to access help, difficulty obtaining help, not enough time, and financial cost [covered by Medicare or not].

Question 5

Medicalisation of mental health

Answer 5

70.8% consulted a GP; 37.7% referred to or directly consulted a psychologist; 22.7% referred to a psychiatrist

Question 6

Prescription rates

Answer 6

there were 34 million prescriptions for mental-health related medications, accounting for 12% of all prescriptions; 86% of the mental health-related prescriptions were provided by GPs; antidepressant medications accounted for 67% of total prescriptions; 1469 mental health-related prescriptions per 1000 population total; these prescriptions for mental health-related medications were an average of 9 prescriptions per patient in 2013–14.

Question 7

Efficacy of psychotherapy

Answer 7

In the medical treatment of these psychological problems (eg, depression, anxiety, ADHD, chronic pain, etc) the placebo effect ranges from 30 to 60%

Question 8

What is the most effective treatment

Answer 8

In the latest reviews, CBT has been conceptualised as the most effective (empirically validated) treatment over the widest range of psychological problems

Question 9

Empirically validated means

Answer 9

includes random allocation, control group, behavioural measures, long term follow up

Question 10

However, what do many psychological researchers propose

Answer 10

many psychological researchers have nominated the Dodo effect verdict

Question 11

Dodo effect verdict

Answer 11

the effectiveness of any one psychotherapy is due to common, non-specific effects that are shared by all psychotherapeutic interventions

Question 12

Non-specific

Answer 12

non-specific = non treatment effect = placebo

Question 13

In medicine, medication … (2)

Answer 13

1) has a physical (biochemical) factor which is the ingredient; 2) has a social psychological factor (placebo or treatment expectations)

Question 14

In medicine, evaluation research

Answer 14

separates the two using control groups: active, placebo, control

Question 15

Active group

Answer 15

standard treatment with active agent