Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MBBS - Year 1 > Psychology - Chronic Diseases > Flashcards

Psychology - Chronic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Different ways we think of health

A 
Not having symptoms 
Having physical or social reserves 
Having healthy lifestyles 
Being physically fit 
Psychological well-being 
Being able to function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Health behaviours

A

Behaviours that affect our health positively or negatively (behavioural pathogens vs. behavioural immunogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diff approaches to med

A

Biomedical

Biopsychosocial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biomedical approach

A

Assumes all disease can be explained using physiological processes and treatment is for the disease, not the person.

Separates body and mind and makes doctors fully responsible for health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Limitations of biomedical approach

A

Reductionist to reduce disease down to biomedical science
If physiological factors have no influence, how can we explain the placebo effect?
Ignores influence of social factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

More holistic and makes the link between psychological, social factors and health more explicit
Illness is a result of several factors
Responsibility is on individual and society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Health behaviours vs illness behaviours

A

Health behaviours are usually preventative/proactive and aim to maintain health and illness behaviours are usually reactive and are in response to an illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory of planned Behaviour

A

Describes the key factors that explain behaviour and predict behaviour change
Pt’s attitude, norms, perceived control or intention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Health belief Model

A 
Behaviour is a result of a set of core beliefs:
Susceptibility
Severity 
Cost 
Benefits 
Cues to action 
Health motivation 
Perceived control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transthereotical/ stages of change model

A

Focuses on the process of behaviour change (rather than factors predicting it)
Steps don’t have to happen in order as behaviour is dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Steps in transtheoretical model

A 
Pre-contemplation 
Contemplation 
Prepration
Action 
Maintenance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pre-contemplation - stages of change model

A

Does not perceive they have a problem, has no intention of changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Contemplation - stages of change model

A

Aware they have a problem, know they should make a change, not fully committed to idea (sitting on the fence).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preparation - stages of change model

A

Intending to take action, may have begun to act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Action - stages of change model

A

Change has happened (over months) change occurs in behaviour, environment or experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Maintenance - stages of change model

A

Working to prevent relapse, in maintenance stage if they remain free of problem for 6mths +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What else needs to be considered in addition to the stages of change model

A

Decisional balance
Self-efficacy
Processes of change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

COM-B model

A

Any given health behaviour occurs as an interaction between 3 components

Can be used to understand why a person is carrying out a health risk behaviour but also to consider how we might intervene/ design interventions if we’re encouraging a health protective behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

COM - B model - capability

A

Psychological or physical ability to carry out the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

COM - B model - motivation

A

Reflective or automatic mechanisms that activate or inhibit behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

COM - B model - opportunity

A

Physical or social environment that enables behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do we use psychological models in clinical practice

A

Explain and predict health related behaviours, and influence behaviour change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do we apply psychological models

A

By asking questions in a consultation in order to try to identify elements from the specific models we have looked at

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Classification of pain

A

Nociceptive

Neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Pain arising from activation of nociceptors following tissue injury – A-delta and C-fibre terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Characteristics of nociceptive pain

A

Proportionate to injury

Enables healing w/ resolution of pain Physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain arising from disease or damage to nervous system
Innate immune cells secrete chemical mediators that reduce the inhibitory effect of GABA. Causes pain signals to fire without a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Characteristics of neuropathic pain

A

Frequently lost lasting
Not proportional to tissue injury
Pathological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why are cognitions important

A

Decided about how we think of our pain

30
Q

Types of cognitions

A

Unhelpful
Catastrophizing
Rumination
Expectations

31
Q

Unhelpful cognition

A

Anxiety provoking
Over generalization, using words like ‘always’ or ‘never’
Jumping to conclusions (usually -ve)
‘Should’ thinking – ‘I should be able to do x and I can’t’

32
Q

Catatrophizing cognitions

A

Extreme assumptions/ amplifying the -ve aspects
Magnification
Helplessness

33
Q

Association with pain that is perceived as an externally located, difficult to control and fixed

A

Passive coping strategies and predicts psychological distress

34
Q

Pt’s w/ strong efficacy beliefs beliefs about pain

A

Pain is malleable

Associated with active coping mechanisms and lower levels of pain and distress

35
Q

Associations w/ individuals who catastrophises pain

A

Increased pain and psychological dysfunction

36
Q

What happens if a patient believes chronic pain is due to harm and damage

A

Avoid things that are painful –> reduction in physical mobility –> secondary problems incl postural changes, stiffness in joints.
These patients are usually less compliant –> anxiety and -ve behavioural changes

37
Q

Non-pharmalogical intervention of pain

A 
Hypnosis
Biofeedback 
PT
Exercise 
Accupuncture
38
Q

Pain Management Programmes (PMP)

A

Use combination of CBT, ACT and duration along with exercise to enable people to cope or manage pain better

39
Q

Aims of PMP

A

Education about pain
Techniques to address anxiety and depression to promote coping
Effective medication use

40
Q

Types of placebo

A

Pure placebo
Impure placebo
Placebo procedure

41
Q

Pure placebo

A

Thought to contain no active ingredient, for example, a sugar pill

42
Q

Impure placebo

A

Contains an active ingredient, but one that is not known to have any effect on the condition being treated, e.g. a vitamin C tablet being given for headache

43
Q

Placebo procedure

A

A procedure, for instance, taking blood pressure, which is not known to produce any clinical change

44
Q

What do placebos work through

A

Sociomatics

45
Q

Contributory mechanisms of sociomatics

A

Social influence
Role expectation
Classical and operant conditioning
Cognitive influence

46
Q

When do we experience stress

A

When the demands of a situation exceed our resources to cope with it
The greater the discrepancy between demands and resources, the greater the experience of stress

47
Q

Ways in which stress can manifest

A 
Anxiety 
Sleeplessness
Crying 
Appetite problems 
Lower libido 
Isolation 
Decreased confidence
48
Q

Stressors can be

A 
Internal 
External 
Acute 
Chronic 
Major life events
49
Q

Internal stressors

A

How we appraise (make sense of) a situation

50
Q

External stressors

A

Events out of our control

51
Q

Acute stressors

A

Sudden illness, exams, work demands

52
Q

Chronic stressors

A

Long illness, relationships, work

53
Q

Physiological responses in chronic stress

A

Responses remain active for longer and lead to the wear and tear of our body
Can affect physical and mental health, contribute to the onset of illness, or delay recovery and response to treatment

54
Q

Health problems linked w/ stress

A

High bp/ coronary heart disease
Headaches/ migraines
Muscular pain/ myopathy (adrenaline increases skeletal muscle tension)
Digestion: ulcers, IBS (acids remain in GI system)
Diabetes (production of increased glucose levels)
Suppression of the immune system; infections
Anxiety, depression (as a result of stress)

55
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Views illness as the result of an interaction between pre-existing vulnerability (diathesis), and the external stress caused by life

56
Q

What can the diathesis-stress model explain

A

Why some people are very resilient and are able to adapt while others develop illness or delayed recovery times.

57
Q

Psychological approaches to stress management

A

Cognitive behavioural approaches

Mindfulness-based approaches

58
Q

Allostatic load

A

Effects of long-term activation of the physiological stress response
ACTH
Adrenaline
Norepinephrine and cortisol

59
Q

ACTH in allostatic load

A

Pushes the brain to function mainly in the limbic region (cerebral cortex loses 2/3 of its functioning)
Tunnel vision, reduction in rational thinking, forced down a fight or flight mindset

60
Q

What does adrenaline cause in allostatic load

A

Increased skeletal muscle tension –> msk pain, stiffness, discomfort due to build up on lactic acid and ammonia
Immunosuppressive action during periods of heightened psychophysiological arousal —> repeated illness (cortisol and corticosterone)

61
Q

Norepinephrine and cortisol in allostatic load

A

Slows and suppresses the digestive process, resulting in acids not being removed from the GI system
Increases alertness, puts you on edge, can cause a state which presents like anxiety

62
Q

Peripheral sensitisation

A

Prolonged exposure to the stimuli enhances the responsiveness of the nociceptors
The activation threshold of nociceptors decreases, so pain signals are sent from less stimulation than is normally required

63
Q

Central sensitisation

A

The increased signals coming from the nociceptors cause the dorsal horn neurons to increase in excitability

64
Q

What does prolonged exposure to noxious agents cause

A

Somatosensory nervous system to become hypersensitive

65
Q

Features of hypersensitivity

A

Increased pain signals, from stimuli that is not normally processed as being painful
Exaggerated response to painful stimuli

66
Q

Risk factors for chronic pain

A 
Ageing
Suffering from an injury
Having surgery
Being female
Being overweight/obese
67
Q

Social factors affecting health seeking behaviour

A 
Income - prescription costs 
Education 
Access - geography 
Support from family 
Cultural 
Employment status
68
Q

Psychological factors influencing health seeking behaviour

A

Fear of outcome
Fear of inaction
Memory
Past experiences of medical intervention

69
Q

Rights of the sick role

A

Not responsible for being ‘in the sick role’

Exempt from carrying out some/ all of normal functions

70
Q

Responsibilities of the sick role

A

Must try to get well and make the side role temporary

Mist achieve this by following medical treatment

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions