Clinical skills - Healthy & Unhealthy Communities Flashcards
Categories of preventable causes of disease
BEINGS
Biologic factors and behavioural factors
Environmental factors
Immunologic factors
Nutritional factors
Genetic factors
Services, Social factors and Spiritual factors
Content of work causing hazardous conditions
Job content Workload/ work pace Work schedule Control Environment and equipment
Job content as a hazard
Lack of variety or short work cycles
Fragmented and meaningless work
Workload/ work pace as a hazard
Overload or underload, high levels of time pressure
Machine pacing
Work schedule as a hazard
Shift working
Night shifts
Inflexible work schedules
Unprediction hours
Control as a work hazard
Low participation in decision-making
Lack of control over workload
Environment and equipment as a work hazard
Inadequate equipment
Availability
Poor environment: lack of space, excessive noise
Social and organisational context of work
Organisational culture and function Inter-personal relationships ships at work Role in organisation Career development Home-work interface
Organisation culture and function as a work hazard
Poor communication
Low levels of support for problem solving
Inter-personal relationships at work as a work hazard
Social or physical isolation
Interpersonal conflict
Role in organisation as a work hazard
Role ambiguity
Role conflict
Career development as a work hazard
Career stagnation or uncertainty
Under or over-promotion
Home-work interface as a work hazard
Low support at home
Dual career problems
Main modes of infection is returning traveller
Close personal contact
Food/water
Arthropods (zoonoses)
This depends on the type of infection you are considering
Common general transmission modes
Close personal contact Food/ water Soil-transmitted helminths Arthropods Zoonoses
Examples of diseases trasmitted by close personal contact
URTI
TB
STDs
HIV
Examples of diseases transmitted by food/ water
Norovirus
Cholera
Legionellosis
Giardiasis
Examples of diseases transmitted by soil-transmitted helminths
Ascariasis
Hookworm
Strongyloidasis
Examples of diseases transmitted by arthropods
Malaria
Lyme
Dengue
Zika
Examples of zoonoses
Rabies
Anthrax
Tularemia
Toxoplasmosis
Control measures for diseases transmitted by close personal contact
Practice use of barriers e.g. handwashng, masks
Find and treat/isolate carriers
Improve host resistance
Control measures for diseases transmitted by food/water
Improve sanitation Ensure food safety Improve water quality Improve hygiene Cook meat properly
Control measures for diseases transmitted by soil-transmitted helminths
Improve sanitation
Ensure treatment of excreta
Control measures for diseases transmitted by arthropods
Control/ eliminate vectors
Eliminate reservoir
Use repellants/ insecticides
Control measures for diseases transmitted by zoonoses
Eliminate carriers
Monitor pet health
Control rodents
How is the distribution of dengue and yellow fever expected to change
Expected to travel north and south as climate gets hotter globally
Effect of global environmental change on zoonotic disease hazards and risks
Interactions between hazard, exposure and vulnerability
Effects of global environments change - Hazards
Seasonal population/ infection dynamics –> long-term population change
Effects of global environmental change - Exposure
land use practices
Extreme weather
Livelihoods
Infrastructure and housing
Effects of global environmental change - Vulnerability
Conflict and healthcare access
Susceptibility and immunity
Food security and nutrition
Obtaining an accurate hx in suspected infectious disease
Transmission is often related to behaviour so you must take a careful behvacuor hx
Pts may be embarrassed by their behaviours
Physical examination for returned travellers feeling unwell
Look for general findings e.g. pallor or rash? Does he look unwell?
Pulse, temp, BP, respiratory rate and oximeter reading
Check for important findings such as neck stiffness and photophobia (meningism)
Ear, nose and throat
Listen to his chest
Examine his abdomen
Check for any subtle signs of a change in his cognitive function
Investigations to consider for any unwell returner travellers
PCR COVID test
Blood test – FBC, CRP, U&Es, LFTs
Might need to also consider X-rays
