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MBBS - Year 1 > Clinical skills - Healthy & Unhealthy Communities > Flashcards

Clinical skills - Healthy & Unhealthy Communities Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of preventable causes of disease

A

BEINGS

Biologic factors and behavioural factors
Environmental factors
Immunologic factors
Nutritional factors
Genetic factors
Services, Social factors and Spiritual factors

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2
Q

Content of work causing hazardous conditions

A 
Job content 
Workload/ work pace 
Work schedule 
Control 
Environment and equipment
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3
Q

Job content as a hazard

A

Lack of variety or short work cycles

Fragmented and meaningless work

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4
Q

Workload/ work pace as a hazard

A

Overload or underload, high levels of time pressure

Machine pacing

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5
Q

Work schedule as a hazard

A

Shift working
Night shifts
Inflexible work schedules
Unprediction hours

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6
Q

Control as a work hazard

A

Low participation in decision-making

Lack of control over workload

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7
Q

Environment and equipment as a work hazard

A

Inadequate equipment
Availability
Poor environment: lack of space, excessive noise

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8
Q

Social and organisational context of work

A 
Organisational culture and function 
Inter-personal relationships ships at work 
Role in organisation 
Career development 
Home-work interface
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9
Q

Organisation culture and function as a work hazard

A

Poor communication

Low levels of support for problem solving

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10
Q

Inter-personal relationships at work as a work hazard

A

Social or physical isolation

Interpersonal conflict

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11
Q

Role in organisation as a work hazard

A

Role ambiguity

Role conflict

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12
Q

Career development as a work hazard

A

Career stagnation or uncertainty

Under or over-promotion

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13
Q

Home-work interface as a work hazard

A

Low support at home

Dual career problems

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14
Q

Main modes of infection is returning traveller

A

Close personal contact
Food/water
Arthropods (zoonoses)

This depends on the type of infection you are considering

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15
Q

Common general transmission modes

A 
Close personal contact 
Food/ water 
Soil-transmitted helminths 
Arthropods 
Zoonoses
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16
Q

Examples of diseases trasmitted by close personal contact

A

URTI
TB
STDs
HIV

17
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted by food/ water

A

Norovirus
Cholera
Legionellosis
Giardiasis

18
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted by soil-transmitted helminths

A

Ascariasis
Hookworm
Strongyloidasis

19
Q

Examples of diseases transmitted by arthropods

A

Malaria
Lyme
Dengue
Zika

20
Q

Examples of zoonoses

A

Rabies
Anthrax
Tularemia
Toxoplasmosis

21
Q

Control measures for diseases transmitted by close personal contact

A

Practice use of barriers e.g. handwashng, masks
Find and treat/isolate carriers
Improve host resistance

22
Q

Control measures for diseases transmitted by food/water

A 
Improve sanitation 
Ensure food safety 
Improve water quality 
Improve hygiene 
Cook meat properly
23
Q

Control measures for diseases transmitted by soil-transmitted helminths

A

Improve sanitation

Ensure treatment of excreta

24
Q

Control measures for diseases transmitted by arthropods

A

Control/ eliminate vectors
Eliminate reservoir
Use repellants/ insecticides

25
Q

Control measures for diseases transmitted by zoonoses

A

Eliminate carriers
Monitor pet health
Control rodents

26
Q

How is the distribution of dengue and yellow fever expected to change

A

Expected to travel north and south as climate gets hotter globally

27
Q

Effect of global environmental change on zoonotic disease hazards and risks

A

Interactions between hazard, exposure and vulnerability

28
Q

Effects of global environments change - Hazards

A

Seasonal population/ infection dynamics –> long-term population change

29
Q

Effects of global environmental change - Exposure

A

land use practices
Extreme weather
Livelihoods
Infrastructure and housing

30
Q

Effects of global environmental change - Vulnerability

A

Conflict and healthcare access
Susceptibility and immunity
Food security and nutrition

31
Q

Obtaining an accurate hx in suspected infectious disease

A

Transmission is often related to behaviour so you must take a careful behvacuor hx
Pts may be embarrassed by their behaviours

32
Q

Physical examination for returned travellers feeling unwell

A

Look for general findings e.g. pallor or rash? Does he look unwell?
Pulse, temp, BP, respiratory rate and oximeter reading
Check for important findings such as neck stiffness and photophobia (meningism)
Ear, nose and throat
Listen to his chest
Examine his abdomen
Check for any subtle signs of a change in his cognitive function

33
Q

Investigations to consider for any unwell returner travellers

A

PCR COVID test
Blood test – FBC, CRP, U&Es, LFTs
Might need to also consider X-rays

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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