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MBBS - Year 1 > Physiology - Death > Flashcards

Physiology - Death Flashcards

1
Q

Life span

A

the potential maximum to which a species can live

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2
Q

Life expectancy

A

the avg no. years a person may live from a given age

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3
Q

Healthy life expectancy

A

Avg no. years a person may live in good health from a given age

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4
Q

Why is there a faster increase in life expectancy in males

A

Reduced smoking and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease as well as less hazardous working environments

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5
Q

Age-related changes must …

A

Be deleterious
Be progressive
Be intrinsic
Be universal

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6
Q

Do we all age at same rate

A

How we live and the environment in which we live can have a dramatic effect on the way in which we age
Sun exposure and smoking speeds age related changes in the skin

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7
Q

General changes seen in ageing

A

Loss of height
Loss of fat free and lean body mass
Gain and redistribution of adipose tissue
Grey hair

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8
Q

Why do we lose height when ageing

A

Disc degeneration but can be reduced by 50% with exercise

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9
Q

What is the effect of losing lean body was

A

Metabolically active so decreases basal metabolic rate and strength

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10
Q

Why does hair turn grey

A

Failure of melanocytes

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11
Q

Effects of aging on skin

A 
Wrinkles 
Blotchiness 
Thinning epidermis 
Slowing of keratinocyte generation 
Loss of elasticity in dermis due to changes in collagen and elastin
Lumps & bumps 
Dry – loss of oil secreting glands
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12
Q

Skin pathology when ageing

A

Ulcers

Skin cancers - BCC, SCC

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13
Q

Sun damage/ photo-ageing

A

Solar elastosis
Solar lentigines
Melasma
Actiniic keratoses

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14
Q

Solar elastosis

A

UV radiation breaks down elastic tissue in skin

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15
Q

Solar Lentigines

A

Dark brown spots that appear with age

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16
Q

Melasma

A

Dark patches of skin usually on the face and related to female hormones

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17
Q

Actinic keratoses

A

Rough scaly area of skin

Precancerous

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18
Q

UVB rays and ageing

A

Can cause DNA mutation, directly by creating compounds that affect pyrimidine bases

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19
Q

UVA rays and ageing

A

Penetrate dermis and damage leads to smaller dermis and damage to blood vessels
Damage DNA directly through production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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20
Q

What can lead to free radical generation

A

UV
Infl
Production of cytokines

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21
Q

What can cause vitamin A deficiency in the skin

A

UV rays

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22
Q

Langerhans cells and ageing

A

Reduce as we ages

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23
Q

Langerhans cells and skin infections

A

The local Langerhans cells will take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells

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24
Q

BCC

A

Basal cell carcinomas
Most common in UK
Invasive but rarely metastasizes - related to sun damage
Increases cross-linking

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25
SCC
Squamous cell carcinomas Occurs wherever there is squamous epithelium, so cervix usually an SCC On skin related to sun exposure
26
Seborrheic keratosis
Keratocytes in epidermis, etiology unsure
27
Reparing damaged skin
Retinoids, related to vit A, can alter structure of skin partly reversing or slowing process of photoaging CO2 lasers, resurfaces skin by causing collagen production
28
Sarcopenia
Loss of skeletal muscle with age due to Inactivity and loss of motor neurons innervation
29
Loss of muscle mass and strength in ageing
Reduction in baseline protein production rate - Activity related - Fat infiltrating muscle plays a role - Infl - Innervation - Multifactorial
30
Ageing and CVD
Stiffening due to increased collagen, widening of large arteries Reduced ability to contract & dilate smaller arteries Cardiomegaly Reduced responsiveness to exercise Postural hypotension
31
Cardiovascular pathology when ageing
Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease
32
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of arteries Thickening of muscle Calcification Can be caused by high bp
33
Atherosclerosis
Atheroma plaque, cholesterol, and macrophages
34
Ability of aorta to expand under pressure
Reduces with age | If aorta cannot stretch, then bp higher as being forced through a non-compliant rigid pipe
35
BP changes with age
Mean BP doesn’t change much with age Systolic pressure increases with age Reduced aortic compliance
36
Baroreceptor sensitivity in those >75
Reduced - reacts to changes in bp so reduces ability to compensate for sudden change in bp
37
Effects of aging on respiratory system
Intercostal and diaphragm muscles Lung tissue becomes less elastic Reduced ciliary function Impaired ventilation
38
Respiratory system pathology when ageing
Lung cancer | Bronchitis
39
Maximum ventilation volume
Maximum amount of air breathed in a minute
40
Maximum O2 uptake
Maximum amount of oxygen taken in a minute (exercise)
41
Accumulative lung damage
Gradual increase of carbon deposits over time, emphysema
42
Effects of ageing on GI system
Reduced absorption of some vitamins D & B12 Reduced mucus secretion – increases risk of trauma and infection Reduced motility Reduced hepatocytes Constipation
43
GI system pathology ehern ageing
Diverticulosis Gallstones Cancer
44
Effects of ageing of GU system
``` GFR decreases with age Adaptability to change slower Reduced ability to postpose bladder voiding Cannot completely void bladder contents Prostatic hypertrophy ```
45
GU pathology when ageing
Urinary incontinence Prostate hyperplasia Prostatic cancer
46
How does ageing affect drug clearing by kidneys
Atherosclerosis and stenosis of renal arteries leads to high bp and reduced GFR by as much as 50% by 80yrs Excretion of sodium ions and drugs Drug regimens and timings may need to be altered
47
Presbyopia
Age related long sighted, can’t focus on things as close up, may be related to loss of ability to change shape
48
Presbycusis
Hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to cochlea ---> less blood gets through. You may also have heart disease, high bp or diabetes
49
Causes of presbycusis
``` Exposure to noise over the years. Exposure to stress over the years. Exposure to drugs or chemicals over the years. Smoking. Being overweight. Hereditary ```
50
30 dB
~ sound of quiet whisper
51
60 dB
~ sound of normal speech
52
Theories of ageing
Gene regulation Free radical theory Neuroendocrine
53
Free radicals
Any independently existing molecular species that contains an unpaired electron Many are unstable and highly reactive
54
ROS
Atom with unpaired electron so highly reactive | Relates to O2 consumption
55
When are free radicals formed
During cellular reactions
56
Protection from ROS
Resistance of oxidative stress - SIRT1, infl - SIRT2 – metabolism
57
ROS and longevity
Some evidence that ROS can increase longevity by activation of SIRT3 Complex interaction between ROS and antioxidants that may be dose dependent Decreased neurodegeneration
58
Gene theory
Telomeres shortened with each cell division which leads to cellular damage each time the cell divides Cells cease replication once telomeres reach a certain length and cell goes into senescence Telomerase can replace and repair telomeres ends of DNA being recognized as breaks, and triggering repair mechanisms
59
Where is telomerase found
Germ and cancer cells
60
What are shorter telomeres associated with
Increased disease risk
61
What can rate of telomere shortening be influenced by
``` Age Smoking Exercise Body weight Genetics (but not sex) Stress ```
62
Homeostatic (neuroendocrine) theory of ageing
Hypothalamus becomes less sensitive (no clear mechanism) Loss of fine hormonal control Cortisol increases (damages hypothalamus?) Cortisol role in fat production/storage Decreases bone formation
63
Health ageing
``` Diet Sleep UV exposure Activity Smoking Stress Fluids ```

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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