Anatomy - Muscles of the forearm

Question 1

Basic movement of digits

Answer 1

Abduction and adduction

Thumb - extension, flexion, adduction, abduction, opposition

Question 2

Superficial muscles of anterior forearm

Answer 2

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Pronator Teres

Question 3

Common flexor origin in forearm

Answer 3

Medial epicondyle

Question 4

Flexor carpi muscles action

Answer 4

Flex wrist

Question 5

Flexor carpi radialis

Answer 5

Passes to lateral side of wrist

Question 6

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 6

Proximally, attaches to humerus and ulna

Passes to medial side of wrist

Question 7

Palmaris longus function

Answer 7

Flexion of wrist

Question 8

Palmaris longus

Answer 8

Most superficial muscle

A vestigial muscle, absent in some individuals

Question 9

Pronator Teres

Answer 9

Most lateral muscle in anterior forearm
Passes to proximal radius
Pronates forearm

Question 10

Intermediate and deep muscles of anterior forearm

Answer 10

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Question 11

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 11

Proximally has humeroulnar and radial heads
Runs through carpal tunnel and splits into 4 tendons - one for each lateral 4 digits
Flexes digits at MCP and PIP joints

Question 12

Flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 12

Found deep to superficiais
Runs through carpal tunnel and spots into 4 tendons
Flexes digits at MCP, DIP and PIP joints

Question 13

Flexor pollicis longus

Answer 13

Proximally, attaches to radius
Passes laterally to thumb (pollex)
Flexes thumb

Question 14

Pronator quadratus

Answer 14

Quadrangular muscle passing between distal ends of radius and ulna

Question 15

Superficial muscles of posterior forearm

Answer 15

Brachioradialis 
Extensor digitorum longus 
Extensor carpi radialis longus 
Extensor carpi radialis brevis 
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 16

Common extensor origin

Answer 16

Lateral epicondyle

Question 17

Muscles used in wrist adduction

Answer 17

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 18

Muscles used in wrist abduction

Answer 18

Flexor carpi radialis

Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)

Question 19

Brachioradialis

Answer 19

Flexes elbow
Proximally, attaches to distal humerus
Passes to lateral radius

Question 20

Extensor digitorum longus function

Answer 20

Extends medial four fingers at the MCP and IP joints

Question 21

Extensor digitorum longus attachments

Answer 21

Proximally attaches to common flexor origin

Splits into 4 tendons - one for each digit

Question 22

Extensor carpi radialis muscles

Answer 22

Extends and abducts wrist

Question 23

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Answer 23

Passes from distal humerus to base of 2nd metacarpal

Question 24

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Answer 24

Depp to radialis longus

Attaches to base of 3rd metacarpal

Question 25

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Answer 25

Proximally, attaches to common extensor origin | Passes to base of 5th metacarpal

Question 26

Deep muscles of posterior forearm

Answer 26

``` Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indices ```

Question 27

Supinator

Answer 27

Passes between proximal ends of ulna and radius | Supination of forearm

Question 28

Abductor pollicis longus

Answer 28

Proximally, attaches to middle of ulnar and radius | Passes to base of pollex

Question 29

Extensor pollicis longus

Answer 29

Proximally, attaches to middle 1/3rd of radius | Passes to distal phalanx of thumb

Question 30

Extensor pollicis longus function

Answer 30

Extends at MCP and CMC joints of thumb

Question 31

Extensor indices

Answer 31

Single tendon passing to index finger | Extends the index finger

Question 32

Innervation of deep muscles in posterior forearm

Answer 32

Radial nerve - deep for motor function and superficial for sensory

Question 33

What do the carpal bones articulate with to form the wrist joint

Answer 33

Radius

Question 34

Formation of carpal tunnel

Answer 34

Carpal bones to flexor retinaculum

Question 35

Intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles of hand

Answer 35

Intrinsic have no cause outside the hand | Extrinsic muscles belly lie outside of the hand

Question 36

Extrinsic muscles of hand

Answer 36

Flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis Flexor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum longus - attaches at dorsal surface distally Extensor digiti minimi Extensor indices Extensor pollicis longus/ brevis Abductor pollicis longus

Question 37

Muscles in index finger

Answer 37

Flexor digitorum profundus (only attaches at distal phalanx) and superficialis (attaches at both phalanx)

Question 38

Flexor retinaculum

Answer 38

Strong, fibrous band that passes between medial and lateral carpal bones Forms the roof of carpal tunnel and stops the long flexor tendons from bowstringing

Question 39

Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 39

Distally, splits and attaches to either side of the middle phalanges of the lateral 4 digits

Question 40

Flexor sheath

Answer 40

Fibre-osseous tunnel prevents bow stringing of long flexor tendons, attaches from bone to bone and lined by synovium.

Question 41

Extensor expansions

Answer 41

Anchor extensor tendons to middle of finger

Question 42

Pulleys

Answer 42

Thickening found in the flexor sheath (annular and cruciate), keep tendons close to bony skeleton and joints therefore increasing power of flexion by preventing bowstringing

Question 43

Causes of nodules in fingers

Answer 43

Infl of synovial sheath

Question 44

Trigger fingers

Answer 44

Get stuck in extension and not extension as powerful flexors can overcome increased friction of enlarged nodule being pulled through A1 pulley by weaker extensors cannot pull it back

Question 45

Treatment of trigger fingers

Answer 45

Division of A1 pulley (surgery) after unsucessful steroid injection

Question 46

What happens if too many pulleys divided

Answer 46

Tendons bowstring away from phalanges as finger flexes, loosing power and being uncomfortable

Question 47

Lumbricals

Answer 47

Anterior to MCP Posterior to PIP and DIP Proximal attachment on FDP tendon - palmar/ flexor Vital attachment into extensor expansion - dorsal/ extensor

Question 48

Action of lumbricals

Answer 48

Allows flexion of MCPs and extension of IP’s - needled to pick up objects

Question 49

Intrinsic hand muscles

Answer 49

Lumbricals

Question 50

Thenar muscles

Answer 50

Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollici

Question 51

Hypothenar muscles

Answer 51

Flexor digiti mininimi brevis Abductor digit minimi Opponens digiti minimi

Question 52

What are interosseous muscles responsible for

Answer 52

Abduction and adduction of fingers

Question 53

Palmar interossei muscles

Answer 53

Little, ring and index (adduct)

Question 54

Dorsal interossei muscles

Answer 54

Middle finger (abduct)

Question 55

Anterior carpi muscles

Answer 55

Flex wrist

Question 56

Posterior carpi muscles

Answer 56

Extend wrist

Question 57

Radial carpi muscles

Answer 57

Abduct wrist

Question 58

Ulnar carpi muscles

Answer 58

Adduct wrist

Question 59

Mid prone position

Answer 59

Also known as position of functions in-between supine and prone

Question 60

Why are there more radial muscles

Answer 60

Radial muscles abduct wrist and keep hand level in mid-prone position

Question 61

Types of grip

Answer 61

Power Precision Pinch (key pinch) Hook

Question 62

Power grip

Answer 62

Requires ulna side of hand for span and power

Question 63

Precision grip

Answer 63

Can be achieved w/ little and ring finger if loss of function of index and middle finger

Question 64

What can affect a pt's grip

Answer 64

Any disease process affecting: Bony skeleton e.g. arthritis or fracture Muscle function w.g. tendon rupture or weakness Nerve supply e.g. nerve decompression, demyelination

Question 65

Common starting point for all grips

Answer 65

Extension of fingers Extension and adduction of the thumb Extension of the wrist

Question 66

Treatment of avulsion fractures of phalanges

Answer 66

Splint in extension to avoid swan neck (flexed DIP and hyperextended PIP) and so tendon can heal and reattach

Question 67

Sensory aspect of radial nerve

Answer 67

Small area between the dorsal aspect of the 1st and 2nd metacarpals

Question 68

Typical mechanism of radial nerve injury

Answer 68

Humeral midshaft fracture Palsy results in wrist drop

Question 69

Myotomes of radial nerve

Answer 69

C5-C8

Question 70

Sensory aspect of median nerve

Answer 70

Palmar aspect of lateral 3½ fingers

Question 71

Myotomes of median nerve

Answer 71

C6, C8, T11

Question 72

Sensory aspect of ulnar nerves

Answer 72

Medial 1½ fingers

Question 73

Typical mechanism of ulnar nerve injury

Answer 73

Medial epicondyle fracture Damage may result in a 'claw hand'

Question 74

Myotomes of ulnar nerve

Answer 74

C8, T1

Question 75

Muscles in forearm innervated by ulnar nerve

Answer 75

Adductor pollicis | Flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 76

Muscles in forearm innervated by medial nerve

Answer 76

LOAF muscles