Physiology - Gender, Family & Culture

Question 1

What does the HPO axis control

Answer 1

Female reproduction

Question 2

What is the menstrual cycle

Answer 2

Ovarian and uterine cycle together

Question 3

The hormonal cycle tightly regulated to

Answer 3

Select ovarian follicle for ovulation

Prepare endometrium for implantation of fertilized follicle

Question 4

Duration of ovarian cycle

Answer 4

28 days

Question 5

Duration of follicular phase

Answer 5

Incl ovulation

1 -1 4

Question 6

Duration of luteal phase

Answer 6

Days 15-28

Question 7

What can cause changes in duration of ovarian cycle

Answer 7

The follicular phase, duration of the luteal phase remains unchanged

Question 8

The follicular phase

Answer 8

FSH increases and causes primordial follicles become primary follicles
1’ follicles –> 2’ follicles, the theca folliculi are formed
Each follicle contains an egg but only one fully matures

Question 9

What hormone is released during follicular phase

Answer 9

Oestrogen by cells of the thecca

Question 10

Where does ovulation occur

Answer 10

Alternate ovaries

Question 11

Ovulation phase

Answer 11

FSH and LH are high
The follicle ruptures and the 2’ oocyte is expelled into the abdominal cavity
The oocyte enters the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube

Question 12

Luteal phase

Answer 12

FSH and LH decrease and oestrogen and progesterone rise
The ruptured follicle caves in and fills with a blood clot
Corpus luteum forms

Question 13

Corpus luteum

Answer 13

Endocrine structure formed by granulosa and theca cells

Question 14

What does the corpus luteum secrete

Answer 14

Progesterone and oestrogen

Question 15

What is the corpus luteum essential in

Answer 15

Preparing for fertilization and for maintaining a pregnancy should it occur

Question 16

What happens if fertilisation does not occur during the luteal phase

Answer 16

The corpus luteum degenerates after 12-14 days due to decreasing levels of FSH and LH
The area of the corpus luteum becomes scar tissue (corpus albicans)

Question 17

What happens if fertilisation occurs during the luteal phase

Answer 17

The corpus luteum continues to function to maintain pregnancy until placental and fetal hormone production is sufficient

Question 18

When is the concentration of LH, FSH and oestrogen the highest

Answer 18

Just before ovulation

Question 19

When is the concentration of progesterone the highest

Answer 19

Days 20-26

Question 20

Hormones secreted by hypothalamus

Answer 20

GnRH

Question 21

Hormones secreted by pituitary gland

Answer 21

FSH and LH

Question 22

Hormones secreted by ovary

Answer 22

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 23

What is the uterine cycle

Answer 23

Changes occurring in the uterus as the endometrium responds to ovarian hormones
Corresponds to the ovarian cycle

Question 24

What does the uterine cycle prepare the endometrium for

Answer 24

Possible implantation by the fertilized embryo

Question 25

Phases of uterine cycle

Answer 25

Proliferative Secretory Menstrual

Question 26

Proliferative phase

Answer 26

Corresponds to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle Starts ~day 5 when bleeding ceases The release of oestrogen results in cell proliferation & regeneration of the stratum functionalis

Question 27

Cervical mucus in proliferative phase

Answer 27

Changes from a thick plug, blocking the cervix to profuse amounts of thick slippery mucus that can be penetrated by spermatozoa

Question 28

Secretory phase

Answer 28

Corresponds with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle 14 days in duration The endometrium prepared by oestrogen is now influenced by progesterone

Question 29

Cervical mucus in secretory phase

Answer 29

Changes to a thick plug, blocking the cervical canal and protecting the embryo

Question 30

Menstrual phase of uterine cycle

Answer 30

The spiral arteries in the endometrium dilate and bleed into the necrotic stratum functionalis and this lasts 3- 6 days

Question 31

What causes the uterus to contract during menstruation

Answer 31

Prostaglandins

Question 32

Body temperature variation during menstruation

Answer 32

Fall corresponding with the LH surge ~24hrs priors to ovulation Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum results in a rise in metabolic rate & temp by 0.5 degrees This rise persists until menstruation

Question 33

Altered pathology of HPO axis and menstruation

Answer 33

``` Abnormal uterine bleeding Endometriosis Infertility Endocrinopathies Genetic causes Iatrogenic Age and weight impact ```

Question 34

Endocrinopathies causing altered pathology

Answer 34

Hypothyroidism

Question 35

Genetic causes of altered pathology

Answer 35

Turner syndrome (complete or partial X chromosome deletion)

Question 36

Iatrogenic causes of altered pathology

Answer 36

Impact of chemo

Question 37

How does moderate oestrogen levels impact the menstrual cycle

Answer 37

Exert negative feedback on the HPO axis

Question 38

How does high oestrogen levels (in the absence of progesterone) impact the menstrual cycle

Answer 38

+vely feedback on HPO axis

Question 39

How does oestrogen levels in the presence of progesterone impact the menstrual cycle

Answer 39

-vely feedback on HPO axis

Question 40

Inhibin

Answer 40

Produced by granulosa cells | Selectively inhibits FSH at the anterior pituitary