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MBBS - Year 1 > Anatomy - The Spine and Back > Flashcards

Anatomy - The Spine and Back Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of the spine

A 
Serratus posterior 
2 splenius muscles 
Erector spinae muscle mass
Mutifidus 
Rotatores 
Semispinalis
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2
Q

Serratus posterior

A

Both superior and inferior found in fascial region

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3
Q

Function of splenius muscles

A

Movement of neck
Lateral flexion
Rotation

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4
Q

Common attachment of erector spine muscles

A

Ilium, inferiorly

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5
Q

Order of Erector spinae muscles

A

Most lateral is iliocostalis, attaches to ribs, middle is longissimus and most medial is spinalis

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6
Q

How else can we divide erector spinae muscles

A

Region of spine: cervicalis, thoracic, lumbaris

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7
Q

Why are the erector supine muscles referred to as a muscle mass

A

Hundreds of small muscles can work independently of each other to create more refined movements of the vertebral column

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8
Q

Where id lumbodorsal fascia found

A

Over L4 - S1 region

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9
Q

Multifidus

A

Found deep to lumbar dorsal fascia

Traingular shaped

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10
Q

What muscles does multifidus work with

A

Rotatores and semispinalis - responsible for fine rotational movement of one vertebra on another

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11
Q

Innervation from dorsal rams

A

Each level receives innervation from posterior (dorsal) ramus - spread to level and those above and beyond

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12
Q

Why is there a risk if we damage a small area of erector spinalae muscles

A

Brain receives afferent signals from 3 different nerves

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13
Q

Infl response to damaged erector spinalae muscles

A

Muscle spasm to protect damaged area
Muscle fibres on unaffected side become stretched as the damaged side contracts and will contract in response to being stretched so muscles on opposite side in spasm

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14
Q

Where is the spin al cord found

A

Vertebral foramen

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15
Q

What happens if the NP herniates posteriorly

A

Presses on spinal cord

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16
Q

What happens if the NP herniates laterally

A

Presses in spinal nerve or rami

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17
Q

Ligaments of the spine

A 
Anterior longitudinal ligament 
Posterior longitudinal ligament 
Supt-spinous ligament 
Interspinous ligament 
Ligamentum flavum
18
Q

Longitudinal ligaments of spine

A

Both anterior and posterior protect vertebral column and discs

19
Q

Supraspinous ligament - variable

A

Variable along vertebral column
Replaced by ligament niche in cervical region
Replaced by criss-crossing fibres (decussation) of erector spinae muscles in between L4-S1

20
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

Relaces supraspinous ligament in cervical region as is more elastic

21
Q

Why is supraspinous ligament replaced in between L4 - S1

A

Allows greater movemmet in that region
Greater flexion required e.g. touching toes
-ve is AF subjected to greater degree of wear and tear ao herniation more likely

22
Q

Function of supraspinous ligament

A

Prevent flexion between each vertebra by attaching to spinous processes and preventing them from moveing too far apart.

23
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Sits in between the spinous processs

24
Q

Where is ligamentum flavum found

A

Sits in deep aspect of neural arch, between spinous process

25
Q

Ligamentum flavum function

A

Quite elastic, prevents movements of neural arches from each other, limiting flexion

26
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Space between neural arches and vertebral bodies

27
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by

A

Meningeal layers

28
Q

Meningeal layers of spine

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

29
Q

Dura mater

A

Most superficial meningeal layer

Fibrous and tough

30
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Deep to dura mater

Light and cobweb-like

31
Q

Pia mater

A

Deep to arachnoid mater

Plastered to spine

32
Q

Where is CSF found

A

Below arachnoid mater in sub-arachnoid space

Usually pushes arachnoid mater to dura mater

33
Q

Spinal cord length in adults

A

Base of skull to L1

34
Q

Spinal cord length in children

A

Base of skull to L3 as spinal cord doesn’t grow at same rate as vertebral column

35
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Terminal end of spinal cord

36
Q

Filum terminalis

A

Terminal branch of spinal cord

37
Q

Where is cauda equina found

A

Nerve roots from lower portion of spinal cord

38
Q

Lines visible on a lateral spinal x-ray

A

Anterior vertebral line
Posterior vertebral line
Spino-laminar line
Posterior spinous line

39
Q

What is the L4/5 disc lined up with

A

Top of iliac crests

40
Q

What does T12 line up with

A

T12

41
Q

Where does each nerve root come out

A

Below level of vertebra expect for cervical vertebrae (on top) as there are 7 vertebrae but 8 nerve roots

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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