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MICROPARA > POSITIVE SENSE RNA (ENVELOPED) > Flashcards

POSITIVE SENSE RNA (ENVELOPED) Flashcards

1
Q

POSITIVE SENSE | ENVELOPED

POSITIVE SENSE RNA ENVELOPED VIRUSES

A

Coronavirus
Flavivirus
Retrovirus
Togavirus

CRoFT

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2
Q

POSITIVE | ENVELOPED

  • Large, enveloped RNA viruses
  • structure has corona/halo - glycoproteins
  • May cause common colds, lower respiratory tract infections, and have been implicated in gastroenteritis in infants
  • Transmission – contact with respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, and fomites
  • Helical nucleocapsid
  • Novel coronaviruses have been identified as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
A

CORONAVIRUS

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3
Q

CORONAVIRUS

structure has ____ which are glycoproteins

A

corona/halo

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4
Q

CORONAVIRUS

____ nucleocapsid

A

helical

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5
Q

CORONAVIRUS

Novel coronaviruses have been identified as the cause of

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

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6
Q

CORONAVIRUS

have been implicated in ____ in infants

A

gastroenteritis

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7
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

disease

A

common cold
SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV 2

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8
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • May progress to acute respiratory distress
  • Death may result from progressive respiratory failure
A

SARS-CoV
severe acute respiratory syndrome

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9
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

Has 5 distinct types, namely asymptomatic or presymptomatic infection, mild illness, moderate illness, severe illness, and critical illness

A

SARS-CoV 2
Coronavirus disease 2010

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10
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV 2:
flu like

A

mild illnes

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11
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV 2:
normal oxygen saturation

A

moderate illnes

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12
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV 2:
below normal oxygen saturation

A

severe illness

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13
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV 2:
respiratory failure

A

critical illness

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14
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV 2:
requires hospitalization

A

severe & critical

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15
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV was in

A

2003

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16
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

MERS-CoV was in

A

2012

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17
Q

CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

SARS-CoV 2 was in

A

2010

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18
Q

POSITIVE SENSE RNA | ENVELOPED

  • Genus Lentivirus (lengthy)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – HIV and HIV 2
  • RNA to DNA to protein – reverse transcription
  • Virion: spherical
  • Proteins: two glycoproteins and one phosphoprotein
  • Envelope: large, widely spaced, club- or petal-shaped spikes
  • Replication: cytoplasm; particles mature by budding into endoplasmic and Golgi
A

RETROVIRUS

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19
Q

RETROVIRUS

HIV means

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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20
Q

RETROVIRUS

found worldwide

A

HIV 1

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21
Q

RETROVIRUS

found in West Africa

A

HIV 2

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22
Q

RETROVIRUS

called RETRO because of

A

reverse transcription

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23
Q

RETROVIRUS

HIV targets

A

helper T cell (CD4+)

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24
Q

RETROVIRUS

1st stage of HIV

A

primary infection (acute)

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25
Q

RETROVIRUS

symptoms

A

flu like

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26
Q

RETROVIRUS

clinical latency may last up to

A

7 - 10 yrs

no symptoms but viral replication continues

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27
Q

RETROVIRUS

CD4 levels is below normal

A

constitutional symptoms (disease)

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28
Q

RETROVIRUS

last stage of HIV

A

AIDS

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29
Q

RETROVIRUS

the viral RNA cannot enter the nucleus of the helper T cell unless it is in the form of ____

A

DNA

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30
Q

RETROVIRUS

reverse transcription happens inside ____

A

CYTOPLASM

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31
Q

RETROVIRUS

allows the viral DNA to be integrated into the host’s DNA

A

INTEGRASE ENZYME

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32
Q

RETROVIRUS

cleaves the viral protein to make them functional

A

PROTEASE ENZYME

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33
Q

RETROVIRUS

long chains of protein are ____ (cannot be used by HIV)

A

NON FUNCTIONAL

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34
Q

RETROVIRUS | TRANSMISSION

majority of cases

A

sexually transmitted

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35
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

cardinal feature

A

depletion of CD4 lymphocytes

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36
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

  • helper T cells that survived
  • becomes the reservoir where latency is established
  • when exposed to different antigen or the drug therapy is continued, they become activated releasing infectious virus
A

memory cells

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37
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

latency is established in

A

memory cells

38
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

drug therapy ____ stop

A

should not

39
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

stopping the drug therapy can cause

A

reactivation of the memory cells causing the release of infectious agents

40
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

  • facilitates dessimenation and pathogenesis
  • serve also as a reservoir
A

monocytes & macrophages

41
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

where HIV actively replicate

A

lymphoid organs

42
Q

RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY

causes more severity of the disease

A

viral coinfections

43
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • where HIV starts
  • clinical latency
A

ACUTE HIV INFECTIONS

44
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

determine the amount of HIV in the blood

A

plasma virial load

45
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

determines the risk for opportunistic diseases

A

CD4+ T cell count

46
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • lymphoid interstitial, pneumonitis, pneumonia, severe oral candidiasis, encephalopathy, wasting, generalized lymphadenopathy, bacterial sepsis, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, growth retardation
  • when adulthood/adolescence is reached, there is a high risk for psychiatric disorders
  • via vertical transmission
A

PEDIATRIC AIDS

47
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

PEDIATRIC AIDS:
when adolescence/adulthood is reached, there is a high risk for ____

A

psychiatric disorders

48
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

PEDIATRIC AIDS:
most common psychiatric disorder

A

anxiety

49
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • include subacute encephalopathy, vacuolar myelopathy, aseptic meningitis, peripheral neuropathy
  • AIDS dementia complex – most common late manifestation
A

neurologic disease

50
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

NEUROLOGIC DISEASE:
most common late manifestation

A

AIDS dementia complex

51
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

usually do not occur in HIV-infected patients until CD 4 T-cell count have dropped from the normal level

A

opportunisitic infections

52
Q

RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • non-Hodgkin lymphoma (both systemic and CNS types), Kaposi sarcoma, cervical cancer, anogenital cancer
  • because of immunosuppression
A

cancer

53
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

  • usually combined with antiviral drugs
  • inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, protease, fusion, entry, integrase
A

highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART

54
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

HAART is usually combined with

A

antiviral drugs

55
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

HAART is an inhibitor of

A

reverse transcriptase
protease
fusion
entry
integrase

56
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

  • Suppress viral replication
  • Decrease viral loads in lymphoid tissues
  • Allow the recovery of immune responses
  • Prolong patient survival
A

highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART

57
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

is HAART a cure?

A

it is NOT a cure

58
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

treatment is for ____ and ____ only

A

management & prolong survival

59
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

not all progresses to AIDS because of

A

antiretroviral drugs

60
Q

RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT

HIV infections will ____

A

remain for life

61
Q
  • Human retrovirus
  • Transmission – vertically, sexually, and blood transfusion
  • Adult T-cell leukemia – lymphomas (ATL)
  • Tropical spastic paraparesis
  • HTLV-1 associated myelopathy
A

HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS

62
Q

HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS

targets ____

A

T cells

63
Q

HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS

transmission

A

sexually
vertically
blood transfusion

64
Q

HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS | DISEASE

flower shaped nucleus

A

Adult T cell leukemia - lymphomas (ATL)

65
Q

HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS | DISEASE

degenerative disorder of nervous system

A

tropical spastic paraperesis

66
Q

HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS | DISEASE

progressive weakness of legs and lower body

A

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy

67
Q
  • Genus Rubivirus – Rubella virus (German measles; 3-day measles)
  • Pathogenesis – nasopharynx → lymph nodes → blood → organs and skin
A

TOGAVIRUS

68
Q

TOGAVIRUS

disease

A

Rubella virus
German measles
3-day measles

69
Q

TOGAVIRUS

Rubella virus is also known as

A

German measles
3-day measles

70
Q

TOGAVIRUS

why is it called 3 day measles

A

because it rarely lasts for more than 3 days

71
Q

TOGAVIRUS

among all the infections that causes rash to the children, TOGAVIRUS is the ____

A

mildest

72
Q

TOGAVIRUS

portal of entry

A

nasopharynx

73
Q

TOGAVIRUS

disease is ____ in children

A

mild

74
Q

TOGAVIRUS

disease is not mild in ____

A

pregnancy

75
Q

TOGAVIRUS

vaccine

A

Rubella vaccine
MMR vaccine

76
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

may occur in women because of immune complex or type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

arthritis

77
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

arthritis may occur in women becasue of ____ or ____

A

immune complex or type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

78
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

acquired after infection

A

life long immunity

79
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

there is no ____

A

2nd cases / reccurrence

80
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

disease is ____

A

self limiting

81
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

Rubella usually begins with malaise, low-grade fever, and a ____ appearing on the same day

A

morbilliform rash

82
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS

Rubella usually begins with malaise, low-grade fever, and a morbilliform rash appearing on the ____

A

same day

83
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL

  • transient effects in infants, permanent manifestations at birth or become recognized during the first year, developmental abnormalities that appear and progress during childhood and adolescence
  • mental retardation – most common abnormality
A

THREE BROAD CATEGORIES

84
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL

THREE BROAD CATEGORIES:
most common abnormality

A

mental retardation

85
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

may cause ____

A

death and abortion

86
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

the earlier the infection occurs, the ____ the damage

A

greater

87
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

Cataracs, cardiac abnormalities, deafness

A

classic triad of congenital rubella

88
Q

TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

a rare complication that develops in the second decade of life in children with congenital rubella, is a severe neurologic deterioration that inevitably progresses to death

A

progressive rubella panencephalitis

89
Q

RETROVIRUS

genus

A

lentivirus

90
Q

TOGAVIRUS

genus

A

rubivirus

MICROPARA (37 decks)

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