POSITIVE SENSE RNA (ENVELOPED) Flashcards
1
Q
POSITIVE SENSE | ENVELOPED
POSITIVE SENSE RNA ENVELOPED VIRUSES
A
Coronavirus
Flavivirus
Retrovirus
Togavirus
CRoFT
2
Q
POSITIVE | ENVELOPED
- Large, enveloped RNA viruses
- structure has corona/halo - glycoproteins
- May cause common colds, lower respiratory tract infections, and have been implicated in gastroenteritis in infants
- Transmission – contact with respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, and fomites
- Helical nucleocapsid
- Novel coronaviruses have been identified as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
A
CORONAVIRUS
3
Q
CORONAVIRUS
structure has ____ which are glycoproteins
A
corona/halo
4
Q
CORONAVIRUS
____ nucleocapsid
A
helical
5
Q
CORONAVIRUS
Novel coronaviruses have been identified as the cause of
A
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
6
Q
CORONAVIRUS
have been implicated in ____ in infants
A
gastroenteritis
7
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
disease
A
common cold
SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV 2
8
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
- May progress to acute respiratory distress
- Death may result from progressive respiratory failure
A
SARS-CoV
severe acute respiratory syndrome
9
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
Has 5 distinct types, namely asymptomatic or presymptomatic infection, mild illness, moderate illness, severe illness, and critical illness
A
SARS-CoV 2
Coronavirus disease 2010
10
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV 2:
flu like
A
mild illnes
11
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV 2:
normal oxygen saturation
A
moderate illnes
12
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV 2:
below normal oxygen saturation
A
severe illness
13
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV 2:
respiratory failure
A
critical illness
14
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV 2:
requires hospitalization
A
severe & critical
15
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV was in
A
2003
16
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
MERS-CoV was in
A
2012
17
Q
CORONAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS
SARS-CoV 2 was in
A
2010
18
Q
POSITIVE SENSE RNA | ENVELOPED
- Genus Lentivirus (lengthy)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – HIV and HIV 2
- RNA to DNA to protein – reverse transcription
- Virion: spherical
- Proteins: two glycoproteins and one phosphoprotein
- Envelope: large, widely spaced, club- or petal-shaped spikes
- Replication: cytoplasm; particles mature by budding into endoplasmic and Golgi
A
RETROVIRUS
19
Q
RETROVIRUS
HIV means
A
human immunodeficiency virus
20
Q
RETROVIRUS
found worldwide
A
HIV 1
21
Q
RETROVIRUS
found in West Africa
A
HIV 2
22
Q
RETROVIRUS
called RETRO because of
A
reverse transcription
23
Q
RETROVIRUS
HIV targets
A
helper T cell (CD4+)
24
Q
RETROVIRUS
1st stage of HIV
A
primary infection (acute)
25
# **RETROVIRUS**
symptoms
flu like
26
# **RETROVIRUS**
**clinical latency** may last up to
7 - 10 yrs
| no symptoms but viral replication continues
27
# **RETROVIRUS**
CD4 levels is **below normal**
constitutional symptoms (disease)
28
# **RETROVIRUS**
**last** stage of HIV
AIDS
29
# **RETROVIRUS**
the viral RNA **cannot enter** the nucleus of the helper T cell **unless** it is in the form of ____
DNA
30
# **RETROVIRUS**
**reverse transcription** happens inside ____
CYTOPLASM
31
# **RETROVIRUS**
**allows** the **viral** DNA to be **integrated into** the **host's DNA**
INTEGRASE ENZYME
32
# **RETROVIRUS**
**cleaves** the **viral** protein to **make them functional**
PROTEASE ENZYME
33
# **RETROVIRUS**
long chains of protein are ____ (**cannot be used by HIV**)
NON FUNCTIONAL
34
# **RETROVIRUS | TRANSMISSION**
**majority** of cases
sexually transmitted
35
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
**cardinal feature**
depletion of CD4 lymphocytes
36
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
* helper T cells that **survived**
* becomes the **reservoir** where **latency is established**
* when **exposed** to **different antigen** or the **drug therapy** is **continued**, they become **activated releasing infectious virus**
memory cells
37
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
**latency** is **established** in
memory cells
38
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
drug therapy ____ **stop**
should not
39
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
**stopping** the drug therapy can cause
reactivation of the memory cells causing the release of infectious agents
40
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
* facilitates **dessimenation** and **pathogenesis**
* serve also as a **reservoir**
monocytes & macrophages
41
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
where HIV **actively replicate**
lymphoid organs
42
# **RETROVIRUS | PATHOGENESIS & PATHOLOGY**
causes **more severity** of the disease
viral coinfections
43
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* where HIV **starts**
* **clinical latency**
ACUTE HIV INFECTIONS
44
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**determine** the **amount of HIV** in the **blood**
plasma virial load
45
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**determines** the **risk** for **opportunistic diseases**
CD4+ T cell count
46
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* lymphoid interstitial, pneumonitis, pneumonia, severe oral candidiasis, encephalopathy, wasting, generalized lymphadenopathy, bacterial sepsis, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, growth retardation
* when **adulthood/adolescence** is **reached**, there is a **high risk** for **psychiatric disorders**
* via **vertical transmission**
PEDIATRIC AIDS
47
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
PEDIATRIC AIDS:
when **adolescence/adulthood** is **reached**, there is a **high risk** for ____
psychiatric disorders
48
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
PEDIATRIC AIDS:
**most common** **psychiatric disorder**
anxiety
49
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* include subacute encephalopathy, vacuolar myelopathy, aseptic meningitis, peripheral neuropathy
* **AIDS dementia complex** -- most common **late manifestation**
neurologic disease
50
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
NEUROLOGIC DISEASE:
**most common late manifestation**
AIDS dementia complex
51
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
usually **do not occur** in **HIV-infected patients** until **CD 4 T-cell count have dropped** from the **normal level**
opportunisitic infections
52
# **RETROVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* non-Hodgkin lymphoma (both systemic and CNS types), Kaposi sarcoma, cervical cancer, anogenital cancer
* because of **immunosuppression**
cancer
53
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
* usually **combined** with **antiviral drugs**
* **inhibitors** of **reverse transcriptase**, **protease**, **fusion**, **entry**, **integrase**
highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART
54
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
HAART is usually combined with
antiviral drugs
55
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
HAART is an **inhibitor** of
reverse transcriptase
protease
fusion
entry
integrase
56
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
* **Suppress** viral **replication**
* **Decrease** viral **loads** in lymphoid tissues
* **Allow** the **recovery** of immune responses
* **Prolong** patient **survival**
highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART
57
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
is HAART a **cure**?
it is NOT a cure
58
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
treatment is for ____ and ____ only
management & prolong survival
59
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
**not all** progresses to **AIDS** because of
antiretroviral drugs
60
# **RETROVIRUS | TREATMENT**
HIV infections will ____
remain for life
61
* **Human retrovirus**
* Transmission – **vertically**, **sexually**, and **blood transfusion**
* **Adult** T-cell leukemia – lymphomas (ATL)
* **Tropical spastic paraparesis**
* **HTLV-1 associated myelopathy**
HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS
62
# **HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS**
targets ____
T cells
63
# **HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS**
transmission
sexually
vertically
blood transfusion
64
# **HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS | DISEASE**
**flower** shaped nucleus
Adult T cell leukemia - lymphomas (ATL)
65
# **HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS | DISEASE**
**degenerative** disorder of **nervous system**
tropical spastic paraperesis
66
# **HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS | DISEASE**
**progressive weakness** of **legs** and **lower body**
HTLV-1 associated myelopathy
67
* Genus **Rubivirus** – **Rubella virus** (**German measles**; **3-day measles**)
* Pathogenesis – nasopharynx → lymph nodes → blood → organs and skin
TOGAVIRUS
68
# **TOGAVIRUS**
disease
Rubella virus
German measles
3-day measles
69
# **TOGAVIRUS**
**Rubella virus** is also known as
German measles
3-day measles
70
# **TOGAVIRUS**
why is it called 3 day measles
because it rarely lasts for more than 3 days
71
# **TOGAVIRUS**
among all the infections that **causes** **rash** to the **children**, **TOGAVIRUS** is the ____
mildest
72
# **TOGAVIRUS**
portal of **entry**
nasopharynx
73
# **TOGAVIRUS**
disease is ____ in **children**
mild
74
# **TOGAVIRUS**
disease is **not mild** in ____
pregnancy
75
# **TOGAVIRUS**
vaccine
Rubella vaccine
MMR vaccine
76
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
may occur in **women** because of **immune complex** or **type III hypersensitivity reaction**
arthritis
77
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**arthritis** may occur in **women** becasue of ____ or ____
immune complex or type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
78
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**acquired** after infection
life long immunity
79
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
there is **no** ____
2nd cases / reccurrence
80
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
disease is ____
self limiting
81
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**Rubella** usually **begins** with malaise, low-grade fever, and a ____ appearing on the **same day**
morbilliform rash
82
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**Rubella** usually **begins** with **malaise**, **low-grade fever**, and a **morbilliform rash** appearing on the ____
same day
83
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL**
* transient effects in **infants**, **permanent manifestations** at **birth** or **become recognized** during the **first year**, **developmental abnormalities** that appear and progress during **childhood** and **adolescence**
* **mental retardation** – most common **abnormality**
THREE BROAD CATEGORIES
84
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL**
THREE BROAD CATEGORIES:
**most common abnormality**
mental retardation
85
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME**
may cause ____
death and abortion
86
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME**
the **earlier** the **infection occurs**, the ____ the **damage**
greater
87
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME**
Cataracs, cardiac abnormalities, deafness
classic triad of congenital rubella
88
# **TOGAVIRUS | CLINICAL FINDINGS | CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME**
a **rare** complication that develops in the **second decade** of life in children with congenital rubella, is a **severe neurologic deterioration** that **inevitably progresses to death**
progressive rubella panencephalitis
89
# **RETROVIRUS**
genus
lentivirus
90
# **TOGAVIRUS**
genus
rubivirus
