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M2 Flashcards

1
Q

orderly INCREASE in the sum of all the compounds of an organism

A

GROWTH

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2
Q

what mode of reproduction is the BINARY FISSION

A

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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3
Q

process of binary fission

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. cytoplasm elongate
  3. start of split
  4. split
  5. 2 identical daughter cells
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4
Q

how many is the product of binary fission

A

2 idential daughter cells

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5
Q

an increase in the number of SINGLE BACTERIA making up a population

A

CULTURE

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6
Q

is an increase in the size a growth among microorganisms

A

AN INCREASE IN THE SIZE IS NOT A TRUE GROWTH AMONG MICROORGANISMS

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7
Q

AVERAGE TIME required for the population, or biomass, to DOUBLE

A

GENERATION TIME / DOUBLING TIME

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8
Q

generation time / doubling time is _________ in every microorganism

A

NOT CONSTANT

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9
Q

BACTERIAS are said to undergo ________

A

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH / LOGARITHMIC GROWTH

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10
Q

PHASES of bacterial growth curve in order

A

LAG PHASE
LOG / EXPONENTIAL PHASE
STATIONARY PHASE
DEATH / DECLINE PHASE

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11
Q

a period where cells are DEPLETED of metabolites and enzymes as the result of the UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS

A

LAG PHASE

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12
Q
  • cells ADAPT to their new environment
  • enzymes & intermediates are FORMED
  • NO DIVISION happening but still active
  • preparing themselves to divide
  • bacteria undergo INTENSE METABOLIC ACTIVITY
A

LAG PHASE

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13
Q

during this phase, the cells are in a STEADY STATE. new cell is being synthesized at a CONSTANT RATE

A

LOG / EXPONENTIAL PHASE

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14
Q

the EXHAUSTION OF NUTRIENTS or the ACCUMULATION OF TOXIC PRODUCTS causes the growth to CEASE COMPLETELY

A

STATIONARY PHASE

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14
Q
  • cells are now DIVIDING
  • cells are in STEADY STATE & grow
  • the stage where most bacterial cells are MOST METABOLICALLY ACTIVE
A

LOG / EXPONENTIAL PHASE

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15
Q
  • period of EQUILBIRIUM
  • # of deaths = # of new cells
  • slow loss of cells through death and balanced by the formation of new cells
A

STATIONARY PHASE

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16
Q

cell viability begins to DECREASE at a DEFINED RATE

A

DEATH / DECLINE PHASE

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17
Q

GROWTH RATE:
lag phase

A

0

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18
Q

GROWTH RATE:
log / exponential phase

A

constant

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19
Q

GROWTH RATE:
stationary phase

A

0

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20
Q

GROWTH RATE:
death / decline phase

A

negative

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21
Q

stationary phase is also called

A

PLATEU

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22
Q

3 major mechanisms for generating metabolic energy

A

FERMENTATION
RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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23
Q

characterized by substrate phosphorylation

A

FERMENTATION

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24
analogous to the COUPLING of an ENERGY-DEPENDENT process to the discharge of a battery
RESPIRATION
25
like respiration but the REDUCTION OF NA OXIDANT via a specific series of ELECTRON CARRIERS establishes the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
25
- process of PROPAGATING microorganisms by providing the PROPER environmental conditions
CULTIVATION
26
NUTRITIONAL BACKBONE for every microorganism
CARBON
27
organisms that DO NOT REQUIRE organic nutrients for growth. these are CAPABLE of MAKING THEIR OWN FOOD
AUTROTROPHS
28
organisms that use an INORGANIC SUSBTRATE
CHEMOLITHOTROPHS
29
REQUIRE organic carbon for growth, and it must be in the form that can be assimilated
HETEROTROPHS
30
major component of PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACID, and other compounds
NITROGEN
31
- key component in plants for PHOTOSYNTHESIS - a property UNIQUE to PROKARYOTES
NITROGEN FIXATION
32
increase in the population/number of cells
TRUE GROWTH
33
refers to the INCREASE in the NUMBER OF CELLS, not the size of the cell
MICROBIAL GROWTH
34
division time of E. coli
15 mins
35
the time when microorganism is ACQUIRED until the appearance of FIRST SYMPTOMS
INCUBATION PERIOD
36
proper environmental condition for microorganism to grow, optimal for growth
INCUBATOR
37
Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen in the form of ______ (NH3) through membrane diffusion.
AMMONIA
38
a component of many organic cell substance forming part of several coenzymes and found in the CYSTEINYL and METHIONYL side chains of proteins.
SULFUR
39
required as a component of ATP, nucleic acids and coenzymes like NAD, NADP and flavins.
PHOSPHORUS
40
found in chlorophyll molecules
MAGNESIUM Mg2+
41
part of the coenzyme of the cytochromes and peroxidases
IRON Fe2+
42
found in POROPHYRIN DERIVATIVES
MAGNESIUM (Mg2+) FERROUS (Fe2+)
43
essential for the function and integrity of RIBOSOMES
Mg2+ & K+
44
required constituent of GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALLS
Ca2+
45
required for the growth of MARINE ORGANISMS
Na+
46
Other minerals include Mn+2, Mo+2, Co+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 are required in ________
TRACE QUANTITIES (small amounts)
47
compounds that CHELATE IRON and promote its transport as a soluble complex
SIDEROPHORES
48
an organic compound which a CELL MUST HAVE TO GROWN but which it is UNABLE TO SYNTHESIZE.
GROWTH FACTOR
49
ENERGY SOURCE, CARBON SOURCE: Photoautotrophs
Light, Carbon dioxide
50
ENERGY SOURCE, CARBON SOURCE: Photoheterotrophs
LIGHT, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
51
ENERGY SOURCE, CARBON SOURCE: Chemoautotrophs or Lithotrophs
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CARBON DIOXIDE
52
ENERGY SOURCE, CARBON SOURCE: Chemoheterotrophs or Heterotrophs
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
53
most organisms have a _______ optimal pH range
FAIRLY NARROW
54
microorganisms that live in a pH range of 6.0 to 8.0
NEUTRALOPHILES
55
microorganisms that live in a pH of 3.0
ACIDOPHILES
56
microorganisms that live in a pH of 10.5
BASOPHILES / ALKALIPHILES
57
OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURE: Psychrophiles / Psychrophilic
-5 to 15C
58
OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURE: Psychrotrophs
20 - 30C
59
OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURE: Mesophilic / Mesophiles
30 - 37C
60
OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURE: Thermophilic / Thermophiles
50 - 60C
61
OPTIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURE: Hyperthermophilic / Hyperthermophiles
above the temp of boiling water
62
grows best at LOW temperatures (COLD environment)
PSYCHROPHILES, PSYCHOTROPHS
63
can survive human body temp
MESOPHILES
64
MICROBIAL SPECIES that grows from low temp to high temp (in order)
Psychrophile Psychrotrophs Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile
65
microorganisms that can cause DISEASES in HUMANS
NEUTRALOPHILE
66
a NATURAL BARRIER to infection because it is ACIDIC
STOMACH
67
needs oxygen
AEROBIC
68
does not need oxygen
ANAERBOIC
69
requires OXYGEN as HYDROGEN ACCEPTOR
OBLIGATE AEROBES
70
needs oxygen
OBLIGATE
71
able to live aerobically and anaerobically
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
72
prefer oxygen but can also live without it
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
73
requires SMALL AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN (2-10%) & enzymes
MICROAEROPHILIES
74
SENSITIVE to OXYGEN inhibition
OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
75
HATES oxygen, does not have enzymes
OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
76
HATES OXYGEN but can TOLERATE it (bcoz walang use and oxygen sa kaniya)
AEROTOLERANT
77
indifferent to oxygen, can grow in its presence but do not use it as hydrogen acceptor
AEROTOLERANT
78
ENZYMES FOR O2 DETOXIFICATION: Obligate aerobe
Catalase: hydrogen peroxide 2H2O2 --> hydrogen peroxide 2H2O + superoxide O2
79
ENZYMES FOR O2 DETOXIFICATION: Facultative anaerobe
Catalase, superoxide dismutase
80
ENZYMES FOR O2 DETOXIFICATION: Obligate anaerobe
Neither catalase nor superoxide dismutase in most
81
ENZYMES FOR O2 DETOXIFICATION: Microaerophile
small amounts of catalase & superoxide dismutase
82
ENZYMES FOR O2 DETOXIFICATION: Aerotolerant
superoxide dismutase
83
Catalase: 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2 Superoxide dismutase: 2O2- + 2H2+ ---> O2 + H2O2
OBLIGATE AEROBE
84
Catalase, superoxide dismutase
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
85
Neither catalase or superoxide dismutase in most
OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
86
small amounts of catalase & superoxide dismutase
MICROAEROPHILE
87
superoxide dismutase
AEROTOLERANT
88
water ---> high concentration
PLASMOLYSIS
89
natural by-products of aerobic metabolism
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE H2O2 SUPEROXIDE O2-
90
MARINE BACTERIA that requires growth in the presence of HIGH SALT concentrations are called
HALOPHILES
91
organisms capable of growing in high concentrations of SUGARS are called
OSMOPHILES

MICROPARA (37 decks)

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