M3 PART 2 Flashcards
1
Q
can be antibody-mediated (humoral immunity), cell-mediated (cellular immunity) or both. An encounter with a microbial or viral agent usually elicits a complex variety of responses.
A
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
2
Q
highly specific, has immunologic memory and can respond rapidly and vigorously to a second antigen exposure.
A
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
3
Q
B lymphocytes develop in
A
BONE MARROW
4
Q
can either be T-cell dependent or T-cell independent
A
B CELL ACTIVATION
5
Q
TYPES OF B CELLS
produce immunoglobulins
A
ANTIBODY SECRETING PLASMA CELLS (APCs)
6
Q
TYPES OF B CELLS
present antigens to helper T-cells that responds rapidly during reinfection
A
MEMORY CELLS
7
Q
what type of immunity involves B cell
A
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
8
Q
antibodies are produced by what type of cells
A
B CELLS
9
Q
T cells are produced in
A
BONE MARROW
10
Q
where does the T cells travel to mature
A
THYMUS
11
Q
play a significant role in the adaptive immunity response
A
LYMPHOID CELLS
12
Q
- effector cells that contain the CD4 proteins
- responsible for stimulating the B-cells to produce antibodies
- promote the development of delayed hypersensitivity and serve as a defense against intracellular agents.
A
HELPER T CELLS
13
Q
effector cells that contain CD8 proteins and are mainly responsible for the destruction of cells in tissue grafts, tumor cells and virus-infected cells
A
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
14
Q
a protein produced by B-lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to the presence of antigen and is capable of combining specifically with an antigen
A
IMMUNOGLOBULIN / ANTIBODY
15
Q
substance that induces an immune response
A
ANTIGENS
16
Q
can trigger the activation of immune response (release of antibody)
A
NON-SELF / FOREIGN ANTIGEN
17
Q
small molecules that cannot trigger an immune response
A
HAPTENS
18
Q
the chains of the Ig molecules are linked by
A
DISULFIDE BRIDGES
19
Q
Antibody Structure
binds to the antigen
A
VARIABLE
20
Q
Ig molecule is a ____ chain
A
POLYPEPTIDE
21
Q
Antibody Structure
biologic functions, basis for distinguishing classes of antibodies
A
CONSTANT
22
Q
Antibody Structure
fragments where antigen binding happens
A
FAB FRAGMENTS
23
Q
Antibody Structure
fragments where biological activities happen
A
FC FRAGMENTS
24
Q
- needs activation of B cell
- antigen will be introduced
A
CELL DEPENDENT
25
* does **not** need activation of B cell
* if encountered an **LPS** will be **activated** even **without B cell**
CELL INDEPENDENT
26
* **Major class** of immunoglobulin present in the serum
* The only immunoglobulin class to **cross the placenta** and is therefore the **most abundant** immunoglobulin in **newborns**.
* Also **mediates opsonization** of antigen through binding of antigen-antibody complexes to Fc receptors on macrophages and other cells
IgG
27
targets the **capsule** of bacteria
IgG 2
28
can **activate** the **complement**
IgG 3
29
* **biggest** (malaki)
* **first to respond** (mabilis)
* **most efficient**, has **highest binding capacity** (maaasahan)
* **10** binding sites
* **short lived**
IgM
30
kapag bumaba ang IgM levels, papalitan ni
IgG
31
* major immunoglobulin responsible for **mucosal immunity**
* It is the main immunoglobulin in secretions such as **milk**, **saliva** and **tears** and in secretions of the respiratory, intestinal and genital tracts.
* It **protects mucous membranes** from attack by bacteria and viruses
IgA
32
* An immunoglobulin bounded to the surface of **mast cells**, **basophils** and **eosinophils** where it acts as a receptor for the antigen that stimulated its production.
* It **triggers allergic responses** of the immediate (anaphylactic) type through the release of mediators like **histamine** and **leukotriene**.
* appears in **external secretions** and is also **increased** during **helminthic infections**.
IgE
33
* An immunoglobulin that acts as an **antigen receptor** when present on the surface of B-lymphocytes.
* It is present in **trace amounts** only in serum and its **function is unclear**
IgD
34
in the event of **second encounter** with the **same antigen**, the second antibody reponse is
MORE RAPID & GENERATE HIGHER LEVELS
35
in **secondary response**, the amount of **IgM** produced is
SAME
36
in **secondary response**, the amount of **IgG** produced is
higher
37
**clump** antibodies
AGGLUTINATION
38
**enhance** phagocytosis
OPSONIZATION
39
* **needs an antigen first** before mag release ng antibody
* the **antibody** produced is **long lasting**
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
40
* does **not** need an antigen
* **passes** the antibody
* generated by administration of **pre-formed antibodies**
* does **not** confer **long term protection**
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
41
what type of immunity is V**AC**CINE
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
42
**enhances phagocytosis** and **reduces** number of **infectious units** to be dealt with
AGGLUTINATION
43
* **coating** antigen with antibody
* **enhances phagocytosis**
OPSONIZATION
44
* **blocks adhesion** of bacteria and viruses to mucosa
* blocks **active site** of **toxin**
NEUTRALIZATION
45
cell **lysis**
ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT
46
**disruption of cell** by complement/reactive protein **attracts** phagocytic and other defensive immune system cells
INFLAMMATION
47
antibodies attached to target cell cause **destruction** by **non-specific immune system cells**
ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
48
# TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
* antigens enter the body **naturally**
* body induces **antibodies** and **specialized lymphocytes**
ACTIVE
naturally
49
# TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
antibodies **pass** from **mother to fetus** via placenta or to infant via mother's milk
PASSIVE
naturally
50
# TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
* antigens are **introduced** in **vaccines**
* body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
ACTIVE
artificially
51
# TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
**preformed** antibodies in immune serum are **introduced** by **injection**
PASSIVE
artificially
52
**protection** from an infectious disease
IMMUNITY
53
preparation used to **induce** immunity.
VACCINE
54
The **administration** of a vaccine to **stimulate** the body’s immune system
VACCINATION
55
process by which a person **becomes protected (immune)** from a disease **through vaccination**
IMMUNIZATION
56
Prepared using **LIVE** **pathogen** with **reduced virulence**
## Footnote
MMR
LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
57
consists of **KILLED** bacteria or viruses
INACTIVATED KILLED VACCINE
58
Contain only a **selected antigenic fragment** of a microorganism
SUBUNIT VACCINE
59
antigen + **protein carrier**
CONJUGATED VACCINE
60
**DNA induce cells** to synthesize protein (antigen)
NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE / DNA VACCINE
61
vector is genetically modified to “**carry**” genetic code for antigen
RECOMBINNAT VECTOR VACCINE
62
**presents** the antigen
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
APC
63
T cells require
ACTIVATION
64
**dendritic** cell is an
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
APC
65
* **cannot** recognize on their own
* antigen **should be presented** to activate
T CELL
66
* APC
* phagocytic cell
DENDRITIC CELL
67
APCs
dendritic cell
b cell
macrophage
68
APC encounterss & ingest MO -> presents to the T cell through ____
MHC II
69
CTL
CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES
70
activated by **MHC I** molecule
CD8
71
activated by **MHC II** molecule
CD4
72
denotes a condition in which the immune response results in **exaggerated** or **inappropriate reactions** that are **harmful** to the **host**
HYPERSENSITIVITY
73
* It manifests itself in tissue reactions occurring within seconds after the antigen combines with specific **IgE antibody**.
* It may take place as a **systemic anaphylaxis** or as a **local reaction** like **atopic allergy**.
* It is being mediated by the release of **histamine** (causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction), prostaglandin (causes bronchoconstriction) and leukotriene (causes increased permeability of capillaries).
TYPE I: IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY (ALLERGY)
74
* widespread **degranulation** of cells
* can cause death; anaphylactic shock, broncho-constriction
SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLAXIS
75
* these antigens are typically **environmental** or **foods** (cause)
* common clinical manifestations include hay fever, asthma, eczema, and urticaria
ATOPY
76
* It involves the **binding of IgG antibody** to cell surface antigens or extracellular matrix molecules that can activate complement or effector cells to damage the cells.
* This results to a complement-mediated lysis that occurs in **hemolytic anemias**, **ABO transfusion reactions** and **Rh hemolytic disease**.
TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC REACTIONS
77
Immune complexes are formed when an **antibody binds with specific antigens**. Normally they are **removed** and **excreted** out of the body but occasionally they **persist** and are **deposited** in **tissues**, resulting in several disorders.
TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX HYPERSENSITIVITY
78
this reaction occurs when a **low dose** of antigen is **injected into the skin** and **induces** the **production of IgG antibodies** and **complement activation**
| seen in **vaccines**
ARTHUS REACTION
79
a well-known **immune complex** disease
ACUTE POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
80
* It involves **cell-mediated immune responses** and is **caused** mainly by specifically **sensitized T-lymphocytes** that activate macrophages to **cause** an **inflammatory response**.
* The response is **delayed** – it usually starts **2 to 3 days after** contact with the antigen and often **lasts for days**.
* It includes contact **hypersensitivity** and **tuberculin-type hypersensitivity**.
TYPE IV: CELL-MEDIATED (DELAYED) HYPERSENTIVITY
81
most abundant blood type
TYPE O
82
**damaging** of RBC
HEMOLYSIS
83
# ANTIBODIES
TYPE A
ANTI B
84
# ANTIBODIES
TYPE B
ANTI A
85
# ANTIBODIES
TYPE AB
NONE
86
# ANTIBODIES
TYPE O
ANTI A
ANTI B
87
# ANTIGENS
TYPE A
A
88
# ANTIGENS
TYPE B
B
89
# ANTIGENS
TYPE AB
A B
90
# ANTIGENS
TYPE O
NONE
91
universal donor
TYPE O
92
universal acceptor
TYPE AB
93
Rh factor is also known as
RHESUS FACTOR
94
* a type of **protein** on the **outside** of your RBC
* seen first in **monkeys**
Rh factor
95
majority of the population has what type of Rh factor
Rh + antigen
96
* injected during **pregnancy**
* **artificial** immunity
* **passive** immunity
* **inactivates** the **antigen** so **no production of antibody**
RhoD immune globulin
