M3 PART 2 Flashcards
can be antibody-mediated (humoral immunity), cell-mediated (cellular immunity) or both. An encounter with a microbial or viral agent usually elicits a complex variety of responses.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
highly specific, has immunologic memory and can respond rapidly and vigorously to a second antigen exposure.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
B lymphocytes develop in
BONE MARROW
can either be T-cell dependent or T-cell independent
B CELL ACTIVATION
TYPES OF B CELLS
produce immunoglobulins
ANTIBODY SECRETING PLASMA CELLS (APCs)
TYPES OF B CELLS
present antigens to helper T-cells that responds rapidly during reinfection
MEMORY CELLS
what type of immunity involves B cell
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
antibodies are produced by what type of cells
B CELLS
T cells are produced in
BONE MARROW
where does the T cells travel to mature
THYMUS
play a significant role in the adaptive immunity response
LYMPHOID CELLS
- effector cells that contain the CD4 proteins
- responsible for stimulating the B-cells to produce antibodies
- promote the development of delayed hypersensitivity and serve as a defense against intracellular agents.
HELPER T CELLS
effector cells that contain CD8 proteins and are mainly responsible for the destruction of cells in tissue grafts, tumor cells and virus-infected cells
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
a protein produced by B-lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to the presence of antigen and is capable of combining specifically with an antigen
IMMUNOGLOBULIN / ANTIBODY
substance that induces an immune response
ANTIGENS
can trigger the activation of immune response (release of antibody)
NON-SELF / FOREIGN ANTIGEN
small molecules that cannot trigger an immune response
HAPTENS
the chains of the Ig molecules are linked by
DISULFIDE BRIDGES
Antibody Structure
binds to the antigen
VARIABLE
Ig molecule is a ____ chain
POLYPEPTIDE
Antibody Structure
biologic functions, basis for distinguishing classes of antibodies
CONSTANT
Antibody Structure
fragments where antigen binding happens
FAB FRAGMENTS
Antibody Structure
fragments where biological activities happen
FC FRAGMENTS
- needs activation of B cell
- antigen will be introduced
CELL DEPENDENT
- does not need activation of B cell
- if encountered an LPS will be activated even without B cell
CELL INDEPENDENT
- Major class of immunoglobulin present in the serum
- The only immunoglobulin class to cross the placenta and is therefore the most abundant immunoglobulin in newborns.
- Also mediates opsonization of antigen through binding of antigen-antibody complexes to Fc receptors on macrophages and other cells
IgG
targets the capsule of bacteria
IgG 2
can activate the complement
IgG 3
- biggest (malaki)
- first to respond (mabilis)
- most efficient, has highest binding capacity (maaasahan)
- 10 binding sites
- short lived
IgM
kapag bumaba ang IgM levels, papalitan ni
IgG
- major immunoglobulin responsible for mucosal immunity
- It is the main immunoglobulin in secretions such as milk, saliva and tears and in secretions of the respiratory, intestinal and genital tracts.
- It protects mucous membranes from attack by bacteria and viruses
IgA
- An immunoglobulin bounded to the surface of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils where it acts as a receptor for the antigen that stimulated its production.
- It triggers allergic responses of the immediate (anaphylactic) type through the release of mediators like histamine and leukotriene.
- appears in external secretions and is also increased during helminthic infections.
IgE
- An immunoglobulin that acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of B-lymphocytes.
- It is present in trace amounts only in serum and its function is unclear
IgD
in the event of second encounter with the same antigen, the second antibody reponse is
MORE RAPID & GENERATE HIGHER LEVELS
in secondary response, the amount of IgM produced is
SAME
in secondary response, the amount of IgG produced is
higher
clump antibodies
AGGLUTINATION
enhance phagocytosis
OPSONIZATION
- needs an antigen first before mag release ng antibody
- the antibody produced is long lasting
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- does not need an antigen
- passes the antibody
- generated by administration of pre-formed antibodies
- does not confer long term protection
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
what type of immunity is VACCINE
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
enhances phagocytosis and reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with
AGGLUTINATION
- coating antigen with antibody
- enhances phagocytosis
OPSONIZATION
- blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa
- blocks active site of toxin
NEUTRALIZATION
cell lysis
ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT
disruption of cell by complement/reactive protein attracts phagocytic and other defensive immune system cells
INFLAMMATION
antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells
ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- antigens enter the body naturally
- body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
ACTIVE
naturally
TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via mother’s milk
PASSIVE
naturally
TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- antigens are introduced in vaccines
- body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
ACTIVE
artificially
TYPE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
PASSIVE
artificially
protection from an infectious disease
IMMUNITY
preparation used to induce immunity.
VACCINE
The administration of a vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system
VACCINATION
process by which a person becomes protected (immune) from a disease through vaccination
IMMUNIZATION
Prepared using LIVE pathogen with reduced virulence
MMR
LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
consists of KILLED bacteria or viruses
INACTIVATED KILLED VACCINE
Contain only a selected antigenic fragment of a microorganism
SUBUNIT VACCINE
antigen + protein carrier
CONJUGATED VACCINE
DNA induce cells to synthesize protein (antigen)
NUCLEIC ACID VACCINE / DNA VACCINE
vector is genetically modified to “carry” genetic code for antigen
RECOMBINNAT VECTOR VACCINE
presents the antigen
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
APC
T cells require
ACTIVATION
dendritic cell is an
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
APC
- cannot recognize on their own
- antigen should be presented to activate
T CELL
- APC
- phagocytic cell
DENDRITIC CELL
APCs
dendritic cell
b cell
macrophage
APC encounterss & ingest MO -> presents to the T cell through ____
MHC II
CTL
CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES
activated by MHC I molecule
CD8
activated by MHC II molecule
CD4
denotes a condition in which the immune response results in exaggerated or inappropriate reactions that are harmful to the host
HYPERSENSITIVITY
- It manifests itself in tissue reactions occurring within seconds after the antigen combines with specific IgE antibody.
- It may take place as a systemic anaphylaxis or as a local reaction like atopic allergy.
- It is being mediated by the release of histamine (causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction), prostaglandin (causes bronchoconstriction) and leukotriene (causes increased permeability of capillaries).
TYPE I: IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY (ALLERGY)
- widespread degranulation of cells
- can cause death; anaphylactic shock, broncho-constriction
SYSTEMIC ANAPHYLAXIS
- these antigens are typically environmental or foods (cause)
- common clinical manifestations include hay fever, asthma, eczema, and urticaria
ATOPY
- It involves the binding of IgG antibody to cell surface antigens or extracellular matrix molecules that can activate complement or effector cells to damage the cells.
- This results to a complement-mediated lysis that occurs in hemolytic anemias, ABO transfusion reactions and Rh hemolytic disease.
TYPE II: CYTOTOXIC REACTIONS
Immune complexes are formed when an antibody binds with specific antigens. Normally they are removed and excreted out of the body but occasionally they persist and are deposited in tissues, resulting in several disorders.
TYPE III: IMMUNE COMPLEX HYPERSENSITIVITY
this reaction occurs when a low dose of antigen is injected into the skin and induces the production of IgG antibodies and complement activation
seen in vaccines
ARTHUS REACTION
a well-known immune complex disease
ACUTE POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
- It involves cell-mediated immune responses and is caused mainly by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes that activate macrophages to cause an inflammatory response.
- The response is delayed – it usually starts 2 to 3 days after contact with the antigen and often lasts for days.
- It includes contact hypersensitivity and tuberculin-type hypersensitivity.
TYPE IV: CELL-MEDIATED (DELAYED) HYPERSENTIVITY
most abundant blood type
TYPE O
damaging of RBC
HEMOLYSIS
ANTIBODIES
TYPE A
ANTI B
ANTIBODIES
TYPE B
ANTI A
ANTIBODIES
TYPE AB
NONE
ANTIBODIES
TYPE O
ANTI A
ANTI B
ANTIGENS
TYPE A
A
ANTIGENS
TYPE B
B
ANTIGENS
TYPE AB
A B
ANTIGENS
TYPE O
NONE
universal donor
TYPE O
universal acceptor
TYPE AB
Rh factor is also known as
RHESUS FACTOR
- a type of protein on the outside of your RBC
- seen first in monkeys
Rh factor
majority of the population has what type of Rh factor
Rh + antigen
- injected during pregnancy
- artificial immunity
- passive immunity
- inactivates the antigen so no production of antibody
RhoD immune globulin