M6 Flashcards
1
Q
- Eukaryotic
- Either multicellular (mold) or unicellular (yeast)
- Non-motile
- Nonphotosynthetic
- Obligate aerobes and some of them are facultative anaerobes
- Chemotrophs
A
FUNGI
2
Q
FUNGI
Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
A
eukaryotic
3
Q
FUNGI
Multicellular
A
mold
4
Q
FUNGI
Unicellular
A
yeast
5
Q
FUNGI
motility
A
nonmotile
6
Q
FUNGI
capability of making their own food
A
nonphotosynthetic - not capable
7
Q
FUNGI
majority of the fungi are ____
A
nonpathogenic
8
Q
FUNGI
how many are medically important
A
400
9
Q
FUNGI
how many are associated in human infection
A
less than 50
10
Q
FUNGI
helpful in the ____
A
environment
10
Q
MOLDS
the mass of intertwined hyphae is called a
A
mycelium
10
Q
Two Basic Growth Forms of Fungi
A
MOLDS
YEAST
10
Q
FUNGI
they are ____
they feed on decaying matter
A
saprophytes
chemotrophs
10
Q
study of fungi
A
mycology
10
Q
Two Basic Growth Forms of Fungi
growth occurs by production of hyphae
A
molds
10
Q
HYPHA
has cross walls
has septum
A
septated
10
Q
MOLDS
can be septated (has cross walls, has septum) or non-septated (coenocytic hyphae; no cross walls, no septum)
A
hypha
11
Q
HYPHA
coenocytic hyphae
no cross walls
no septum
A
non-septated
11
Q
Two Forms of Hyphae
- responsible for reproduction
- projects above the surface to bear reproductive spores
A
AERIAL HYPHAE
11
Q
Two Forms of Hyphae
- anchors the fungi into its medium
- anchors the organism responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the medium
A
VEGETATIVE HYPHAE
(substrate)
12
Q
FUNGI
vegetative hyphae is also called as
A
SUBSTRATE
13
Q
FUNGI
can reproduce sexually & asexually
A
filamentous fungi
14
Q
FUNGI
the spores that are produced by fungi is for ____
A
reproduction
15
Q
FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE
hyphae will undergo mitosis to form spores and in favorable environment, the spores will undergo germination to form daughter cell (haploid)
A
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
16
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
the **haploid** will undergo **plasmogamy** into **heterokaryotic stage**, and will undegro **karyogamy** to **form zygote** which will undergo **meiosis** to **form spores** and will **germinate** in favorbale conditions to **form daughter cells**
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
17
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
3 importnat stages in **sexual** reproduction
PLASMOGAMY
KARYOGAMY
MEIOSIS
18
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
* haploid cells from two different mycelia **fuse** to form a **heterokaryotic cell** with two or more nuclei
* **marriage** or **union** of **cytoplasm**
PLASMOGAMY
19
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
* it has **2 nuclei** in **one cell**
* formed in **plasmogamy**
heterokaryotic stage/cell
20
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
the **nuclei fuse** to form a **diploid (2n) zygote**
KARYOGAMY
21
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
**haploid (1n) spores** are formed
MEIOSIS
22
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
a **multicellular mycelium** is formed
GERMINATION
23
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
**zygo**spores, **asco**spores, and **basidio**spores
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
24
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE | SEXUAL REPRO**
**single**, **large** spores with **thick** spores
ZYGOSPORES
25
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE | SEXUAL REPRO**
spores are contained in a sac called **ascus**
ASCOSPORES
26
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE | SEXUAL REPRO**
spores are contained in a sac called **basidium**
BASIDIOSPORES
27
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE | ASEXUAL REPRO**
produced by **most pathogenic fungi**
CONIDIA
28
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE | ASEXUAL REPRO**
formed within a sac called **sporangium**
SPORANGIOSPORES
29
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
**conidia** and **sporangio**spores
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
30
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
Fungi **do not form sexual spores** are termed ____
IMPERFECT
31
# **FUNGI | LIFE CYCLE**
Fungi **do not form sexual spores** are termed “**imperfect**” and are classified as ____
FUNGI IMPERFECTI
32
# **Two Basic Growth Forms of Fungi**
**single** cells, usually **spherical** or **ellipsoid**
YEAST
33
# **YEAST**
mode of **reproduction**
Asexual Reproduction
**BUDDING**
34
# **YEAST**
Some species may produce **chain** of **elongated yeast cells** called
| (**fail** to **detach** from the parent cells)
PSEUDOHYPHAE
35
# **YEAST**
Several pathogens are ____
| (can exist as **yeast** or **mold** depending on **temperature**)
DIMORPHIC
36
# **YEAST**
temperature for **yeast-like**
37C
37
# **YEAST**
temperature for **mold-like**
25C
38
# **FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE**
Composed **largely** of **long chains of polysaccharides** – as well as **glycoproteins** and **lipids**
CELL WALL
39
# **FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE | CELL WALL**
Some **sugar polymers** found in fungal cell wall are ____, ____, ____
CHITIN
GLUCANS
MANNANS
40
# **FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE | CELL WALL**
Some yeasts and molds are described as ____ because their cell walls contain **melanin**
DEMATIACEOUS
41
# **FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE | CELL WALL**
facilitate **attachment** to the host cell then the cell wall of the fungi may trigger an immune response
SURFACE COMPONENTS
42
# **FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE | CELL MEMBRANE**
The fungal **cell membrane** contains ____
ERGOSTEROL
43
# **FUNGAL CELL STRUCTURE**
what makes the **fungi** different from bacteria
fungal cell wall contains **ergosterol**
bacterial cell wall **lacks** sterol
44
what are the **targets** of **antifungal agents**
**both** the cell wall & cell membrane
45
# **FUNGI | LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS**
**Microscopic examination** requires **treatment** with ____
KOH
| Potassium hydroxide
46
# **FUNGI | LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS**
**Culture** used that **supports** the **growth** of fungi
SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR
| selective medium
47
# **FUNGI | LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS**
**detection** of **antibodies** against fungi
SEROLOGY
48
# **FUNGI | LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS**
Molecular methods
Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR
48
# **FUNGAL CONDITIONS**
allergies
hypersensitivity
48
# **FUNGI | LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS**
to know which **antifungal agent** is the **most ideal to be given** to the organism and to **check** if the organism will be **susceptible** or **resistant** to the agent
ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
48
# **FUNGAL CONDITIONS**
happens upon ingestion of **poisonous fungi** (e.g., poisonous mushroom)
MYCETISMUS
48
# **FUNGAL CONDITIONS**
happens upon ingestion of **toxins** produced by a fungus (e.g., ingestion of **aflatoxin** from **peanuts** – produced by **Aspergillus flavus**)
MYCOTOXICOSIS
48
# **FUNGAL CONDITIONS**
fungal infections
MYCOSES
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES**
* **Causative agents** – Malassezia **globose**, Malassezia **furfur**, or Malassezia **sympodialis**
* **Disease** – **Pityriasis versicolor**
MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS**
disease
PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS**
* **Discrete**, **serpentine**, **hyper-** or **hypo**pigmented **maculae** that develop on the skin
* Observe in **chest**, **upper back**, **arms**, and **abdomen**
PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR
49
# **FUNGI**
**superficial mycoses** affects the ____ of the **skin**
STRATUM CORNEUM
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS | PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR**
**darker** pigmentation
HYPERPIGMENTED
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | TINEA NIGRA**
prevalent in ____
warm, coastal regions
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS | PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR**
**lighter** pigmentation
HYPOPIGMENTED
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | TINEA NIGRA**
Causative agent
Hortaea (Exophiala) Werneckii
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES**
can be observed in the **hair** of the **axila**/**armpit**, **genitalia**, **beard**, **scalp**
PIEDRA
| Black & White
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS**
Treatment
topical or oral azoles
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS**
diagnostic feature
spaghetti & meatball appearance
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | MALASSEZIA INFECTIONS**
a Malassezia specie that may cause **seborrheic dermatitis** (**dandruff**)
MALASSEZIA RESTRICTA
49
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | TINEA NIGRA**
* **Asymptomatic**
* Dark (brown to black) **discoloration**, often on the **palm**
* **Dematiaceous** fungi (melanized cell wall)
TINEA NIGRA
(Tinea nigra Palmaris)
50
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES**
* **Causative agents** – **Hortaea (Exophiala) werneckii**
* **Disease** – **Tinea nigra** (Tinea nigra Palmaris)
* Prevalent in **warm**, **coastal regions**
* Usually seen in **young women**
* **chronic** (develops slowly)
TINEA NIGRA
50
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | TINEA NIGRA**
Disease
Tinea nigra
(Tinea nigra Palmaris)
50
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | TINEA NIGRA**
treatment
Salicylic acid
Azole antifungal
50
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | TINEA NIGRA**
usually seen in ____
young women
51
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | PIEDRA**
* Caused by **Piedraia hortae**
* **Black nodules** on hair shaft
BLACK PIEDRA
*Tinea nodosa*
52
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | PIEDRA**
* Caused by **Trichosporum species**
* **Yellowish nodules** on hair shaft
WHITE PIEDRA
53
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | PIEDRA**
**Black piedra** is caused by ____
Piedraia hortae
54
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | PIEDRA**
**Black** piedra is also called as
Tinea nodosa
55
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | PIEDRA**
**White** piedra is caused by ____
Trichosporum species
56
# **SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES | PIEDRA**
treatment
topical anti-fungal agents
57
* Affects the **superficial keratinized** structures (skin, hair, and nails)
* will begin in the skin **after a trauma**
CUTANEOUS MYCOSES
Dermatophytes
58
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | CAUSATIVE AGENTS**
**skin**, **hair**, and **nails**
TRICHOPHYTON
59
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | CAUSATIVE AGENTS**
skin and **nails**
EPIDERMOPHYTON
60
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | CAUSATIVE AGENTS**
skin and **hair**
MICROSPORUM
61
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES**
Dermatophyte infections are called ____
Dermatophytoses
62
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES**
* Dermatophyte infections were **formerly described** as ____
* they are characterized by **circular lesions**
ringworm or tinea infections
63
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES**
**acquired** by ____ to contaminated soil, infected humans or animals
direct contact
64
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES**
treatment
removal of infected structure
topical antifungal drug
65
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | TREATMENT**
Tinea **capitis**
griseofulvin
terbinafine
66
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | TREATMENT**
Tinea **corpis**, Tinea **pedis**, and related infections
itraconazole
terbinafine
67
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | TREATMENT**
Tinea **unguium**
itraconazole
terbinafine
surgical removal of the nail
68
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTES | TREATMENT**
**most difficult** to treat because it requires **months of treatment**
Tinea unguium
69
# **FUNGI**
* causative agents are found in **soil** or **vegetation**
* **POE**: **subcutaneous tissue** by a trauma
* infection is **confined** in the **subcutaneous tissue** and **rarely becomes systemic**
SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
70
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES**
* **Rose gardener’s disease**
* Causative agent – **Sporothrix schenkii** (dimorphic)
* acquired through **outdoor activities**
SPOROTRICHOSIS
71
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS**
disease
Rose gardener's disease
72
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS**
causative agent
Sporothrix schenkii
73
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES**
* **Initial** lesion is usually **located** on the **extremities**
* Develops as a **granulomatous nodule** that may progress to form a **necrotic** or **ulcerative lesion**.
* **Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis** – **rare systemic** illness
SPOROTRICHOSIS
Rose gardener's disease
74
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**Initial** lesion is usually located on the
extremities
75
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
Develops as ____ that **may progress** to form a **necrotic** or **ulcerative lesion**
granulomatous nodule
76
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
rare systemic illness
PRIMARY PULMONARY SPOROTRICHOSIS
77
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS | TREATMENT**
Drug of choice
itraconazole
78
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS | TREATMENT**
for systemic illness
Amphotericin B
79
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | SPOROTRICHOSIS | TREATMENT**
in general, infection is ____
self-limiting
80
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES**
* **Causative agents** – P. verrucosa, F. pedrosoi, Fonsecaea compacta, Rhinocladiella aquapersa, and Cladophialophora carrionii (**dematiaceous fungi**)
* The fungi are introduced into the skin by **trauma**, often of the **exposed legs** or **feet**.
* common in **farmers** (because of exposed feet & legs sa soil)
CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS
(Chromomycosis)
81
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS**
Chromoblastomycosis is also called as
Chromomycosis
82
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS**
The fungi are introduced into the skin by **trauma**, often of the exposed ____
legs or feet
83
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
____ becomes **verrucous** and **wart-like** with extension along the draining lymphatics
PRIMARY LESION
84
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
____ with **crusting abscesses** eventually **cover** the area
CAULIFLOWER-LIKE NODULES
85
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
____ of hemopurulent material are **present on the warty surface**
SMALL ULCERATIONS OR "BLACK DOTS"
86
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
TRUE OR FALSE:
**relapse** may be common
TRUE
87
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS**
TREATMENT
Flucytosine
Itraconazole
88
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES**
**Causative agents** – Exophiala **jeanselmei**, Phialophora **richardsiae**, Bipolaris **spicifera**, and Wangiella **dermatitidis**
PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS
89
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
____ in the SC tissue may **travel** to the **brain** resulting to **sinusitis** to **brain abscesses** (fatal)
ENCAPSULATED CYSTS
90
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS | TREATMENT**
Drug of choice
itraconazole
flucytosine
91
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS | TREATMENT**
Brain abscesses
Amphotericin B
surgical removal
92
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS**
leading cause of **cerebal phaeohyphomycosis**
CLADOPHIALOPHORA BANTIANA
93
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES**
* **Causative agents** – P. **boydii**, M. **mycetomatis**, Madurella **grisea**, E. **jeanselmei**, and Acremonium **falciforme**.
* **Disease** - Madura foot, Eumycetoma, Actinomycetoma
MYCETOMA
94
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
It affects SC tissues of the **feet** (madura foot), **lower extremities**, **hands**, and **exposed areas**
MADURA FOOT
95
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
a mycetoma caused by a **fungus**
EUMYCETOMA
(maduromycosis)
96
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* a mycetoma caused by an **actinomycete bacteria**
* **more invasive** -- from SC tissue, it can reach **underlying muscle**
ACTINOMYCETOMA
97
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
can be a ____ or ____ mycetoma
bacterial or fungal
98
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**prevalence** of bacterial and fungal mycetoma
50:50
99
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | TREATMENT**
P. **boydii**
topical nystatin
miconazole
100
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | TREATMENT**
Madurella infections
itraconazole
ketoconazole
amphotericin B
101
# **SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES | MYCETOMA | TREATMENT**
E. **jeanselmei**
flucytosine
102
* all organisms are **thermally dimorphic**
* POE: **lungs**
* **asymptomatic**, mild, resolves w/o treatment
* in **small number**, from pulmonary disease will disseminate to other organs
ENDEMIC MYCOSES
103
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES**
* **Causative agents** – Coccidiodes **posadasii** or C. **immitis**
* **Transmission** - inhaled in the form of **arthrospores** (lightweight, readily inhaled) and in the lungs, it will be converted into **spherule** (a sac containing the spores)
COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS
104
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS**
inhaled in the form of ____
ARTHROSPORES
105
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS**
Arthrospores will be **converted** into ____ in the lungs
SPHERULE
106
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
IN %:
**asymptomatic**
60%
107
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
in %:
**Flu-like syndrome**
Valley fever, San Joaquin Valley fever, or desert rheumatism
40%
108
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
in %:
**rash**, erythema **nodosum**, or eryhtema **multiforme**
15%
109
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
in %:
**secondary** or **disseminated** coccidiodomycosis
<1%
110
110
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | COCCIDIODOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**disseminated coccidiodomycosis** may develop ____ to **prevent growth** of microorganisms
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
111
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES**
* **Spelunker’s disease**
* Causative agent – **Histoplasma capsulatum**
* Two types of asexual spores: **microconidia** (can be inhaled and transmit infection) and **macroconidia** (laboratory identification)
* In tissues, H. capsulatum occurs as an **oval budding yeast** inside macrophages.
HISTOPLASMOSIS
112
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS**
is also called
Spelunker's disease
113
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS**
causative agent
Histoplasma capsulatoum
114
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS**
does Histoplasma capsulatum have **capsule**?
it does not have capsule
115
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES**
* **smaller**, **thinner** wall
* can be **inhaled** and transmit infection
* once inhaled, they are **engulfed** by **alveolar macrophages** where they **develop into yeast**
* the yeast then **survive** in the **phagolysosome** because of the production of **alkali compounds** (**HCO3**, **NH3**)
MICROCONIDIA
116
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES**
MICROCONIDIA:
once inhaled, they are engulfed by ____
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
117
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES**
MICROCONIDIA:
they will **develop into** ____ in the alveolar macrophages
YEAST
118
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES**
MICROCONIDIA:
the yeast **survive** in the ____ because of the production of **alkali compounds** (HCO3, NH3)
PHAGOLYSOSOME
| it is usually **acidic**
119
120
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES**
* **thicker** walls
* **finger-like** projection
* used for **laboratory identification**
MACROCONIDIA
121
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* **self-limiting** characterized by **flu-like** symptoms
* **lesions** on **lungs**
ACUTE PULMONARY HISTOPLASMOSIS
122
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* **reactivated** form
* usually seen in **men**, precipitated by an existing pulmonary damage such as **emphysema** (acquired from **smoking**)
CHRONIC PULMONARY HISTOPLASMOSIS
123
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* **minorities**, such as **infants**, **elderly**, and **immunocompromised**
* disseminates in **reticuloendothelial system**, causing **swelling** of **lymph nodes** or **lymphadenopathy**, **enlargement** of **liver** and **spleen**
* **mortality is high**
* **mucocutaneous ulcer** of **nose**, **mouth**, **tongue**, and **intestine**
SEVERE DISSEMINATED HISTOPLASMOSIS
124
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TREATMENT**
**disseminated** disease
amphotericin B
125
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | TREATMENT**
**mild** to **moderate** infection
itraconazole
125
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | HISTOPLASMOSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGY**
Exposure occurs when H. capsulatum is ____ in its **natural habitat**, that is, **soil mixed with bird feces** (e.g., starling roosts and chicken houses) or **bat guano** (caves)
DISTURBED
126
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES**
* **North** american
* endemic in **US** & **Canada**
BLASTOMYCOSIS
127
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS**
is also called
NORTH AMERICAN BLASTOMYCOSIS
128
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS**
causative agent
BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
129
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS**
The **bud** and the **parent yeast** are attached with a ____
BROAD BASE
130
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
**Most common** clinical presentation is
PULMONARY INFILTRATE
131
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
____ may occur in the skin, bones, genitalia & CNS
DISSEMINATION
132
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS | TREATMENT**
for **severe**
amphotericin B
133
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | BLASTOMYCOSIS | TREATMENT**
drug of choice
itraconazole
134
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES**
also called as **SOUTH AMERICAN BLASTOMYCOSIS**
PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
135
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS**
causative agent
Paraccocidioides brasiliensis
136
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
* **Less than 10%** of **30 years of age** may develop ____ with a **shorter incubation time**
* may enter a **period of dormancy** for almost **10 years** and **becomes active again later on**
ACUTE OR SUBACUTE PROGRESSIVE INFECTION
137
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | CLINICAL FINDINGS**
TRUE OR FALSE:
may progress into **chronic**, **progressive** pulmonary disease or **dissemination**
TRUE
138
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | TREATMENT**
drug of choice
itraconazole
139
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | TREATMENT**
for **severe**
amphotericin B
140
# **ENDEMIC MYCOSES | PARACCOCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS**
the structure resembles ____ because the **parent cell** is **surrounded** by **multiple buds**
SHIP CAPTAIN'S WHEEL
141
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
* **Nonhairy**, **smooth** skin
* **Circular pacthes** with advancing **red**, **vesiculated border**, and **central scaling**
* **Pruritic**
TINEA **CORPORIS**
(ringworm)
142
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
* **Interdigital spaces** on **feet** of persons wearing shoes
* **Acute** - Itching, red vesicular
* **Chronic** - itching, scaling, fissures
TINEA **PEDIS**
(athlete's foot)
143
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
* **Groin**
* **Erythematous scaling lesion** in **intertriginous area**
* **Pruritic**
TINEA **CRURIS**
(jock itch)
144
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
* **Beard hair**
* **Edematous**, **erythematous** lesion
TINEA **BARBAE**
145
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
* **Nail**
* Nails **thickened** or **crumbling** distally; **discolored**; **lusterless**
* Usually **associated** with tinea **pedis**
TINEA UNGUIUM
(onychomycosis)
146
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
* Usually sides & flexor aspects of **fingers**; **Palm**; **any** site of the **body**
* **Pruritic vescular** to **bullous lesions**
* **Allergic reactions** from **dermatophytes**
* Most commonly associated with tinea pedis
DERMATOPHYTID
147
# **CUTANEOUS MYCOSES | DERMATOPHYTE INFECTIONS**
**infection** of the **hands**/**fingers**
TINEA MANUS
