M3L1 Flashcards
1
Q
A host defense system against infectious disease and foreign (non self) antigens.
A
IMMUNE SYSTEM
2
Q
A response generated against a potential pathogen is called
A
IMMUNE RESPONSE
3
Q
- first line of defense
- non specific to the invading pathogen
- rapidly mobilized at the initial site of infection
- lacks immunologic memory
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
4
Q
A protein that is produced in response to a particular
pathogen is called
A
ANTIBODY
5
Q
antibody is synonymous to
A
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
6
Q
The substance that induces the production of
antibodies is called
A
ANTIGEN
7
Q
- Rapid, immediate response
- Antigen nonspecific
-
No memory, not long-lasting
protection
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
8
Q
- Slow response
- Highly antigen specific
- Induces memory, responds rapidly and vigorously to second antigen exposure
A
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
9
Q
which immunity have these immunoligic components
- Natural barriers to infection – skin, mucous membranes;
- Cells – phagocytes, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
10
Q
which immunity have these immunoligic components
Mediators – complement, defensins, cytokines, sensors (TLR, NOD-like receptors, RAG-1)
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
11
Q
which immunity have these immunoligic components
Cell – T lymphocytes-cell mediated, B lymphocytes - antibody mediated, APCs
A
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
12
Q
which immunity have these immunoligic components
Mediators – secreted molecules (cytokines, chemokines, complement)
A
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
13
Q
2 classification of adaptive immunity
A
naturally acquired
artificially acquired
14
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- antigens enter the body naturally
- body induces antibodies and specialiazed lymphocytes
A
ACTIVE IMMUNITY (naturally acquired)
15
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk
A
PASSIVE IMMUNITY (naturally acquired)
16
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- antigens are introduced in vaccines
- body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
A
ACTIVE IMMUNITY (artificially acquired)
17
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
A
PASSIVE IMMUNITY (artificially acquired)
18
Q
The skin, airways, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and genitourinary tract have ________________ as their barrier
A
EPITHELIAL CELL LAYER
19
Q
Epithelial cell layer has ____ that help provide proetction against invading pathogens
A
TIGHT JUNCTIONS
20
Q
has tight junctions and produces a number of powerful antimicrobial peptides that help provide protection against invading pathogens
A
EPTHELIAL CELL LAYER
21
Q
an example of an antimicrobial peptide that dissolves some bacterial cell wall
A
LYSOZYME
22
Q
lysozyme is present on the ____ and can help provide
protection against some microorganisms
A
SKIN
23
Q
present on the skin and in tears and in respiratory and cervical secretions
A
LYSOZYME
24
Q
by virtue of their acid pH and certain chemicals especially fatty acids – have antimicrobial properties that tend to eliminate pathogenic organisms.
A
SWEAT & SEBACEOUS SECRETIONS
25
____ microorganisms are capable of **penetrating intact skin**
FEW
26
____ can **enter sweat** and **sebaceous glands** and **hair follicles** and establish themselves there.
MANY
27
The **skin** produces a variety of antimicrobial agents including a **protein with antibacterial properties** known as
PSORIASIN
28
* **positively charged** peptides
* located primarily in the **GI** an **lower respiratory tracts**
* create **holes** in **bacterial cell walls**
* **disrupts** the **bacterial membrane**
DEFENSINS
29
**NEUTROPHILS** in the **small intetsine** contain ____ that **house** the **α-defensins**
AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
30
released following TLR activation
α-defensins
31
the **defensin** that the epethilial cells in the **respiratory tract** secretes
β-defensin
32
have also been shown to possess **antiviral activity**
α-defensin
33
The ____ of the **respiratory tract** offers another mode of protection from infection.
MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM
34
a **complex mixture** of mucins, proteins, proteases, and protease inhibitors, is a **major component** of the **mucosal epithelium**.
MUCUS
35
Some bacteria **attach** to the surface epithelial cells by means of
ADHESIVE BACTERIAL SURFACE PROTEINS
36
the presence of **mucus** **limits bacterial adhesion** to these cell surfaces. Once entrapped in the mucus, the bacteria are **removed** by
CILIARY CLEARANCE
37
tend to **inhibit microbial adhesion** and **limit exposure time**
MUCOSAL SURFACE & CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS
37
has mechanisms to **inhibit bacteria**
GI TRACT
38
The ____ of the **stomach** and the ____ of the **small intestine** make this environment **hostile** to many bacteria.
ACIDITY OF STOMACH
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES of small intetsine
39
An **additional barrier** to microbial invasion is the effect of the
CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT
40
the presence of an ____ pH in **sweat** and
**sebaceous secretions** and the ____ pH of the **stomach** have **antimicrobial properties**.
HIGH ph in sweat & sebaceous
LOW ph in stomach
41
the production of ____ on the **skin** also tends to **eliminate pathogenic organisms**
FATTY ACIDS
42
a **good barrier** because it is **dry**
| bacteria needs **water** to grow
SKIN
43
are parts of immune response
| they are **good** immune response
FEVER & INFLAMMATION
44
When a pathogen **enters** the skin, it is **confronted** by **macrophages** and **other phagocytic cells** possessing
MICROBIAL SENSORS
45
Recognize presence of pathogens
MICROBIAL SENSORS
46
3 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBIAL SENSORS
TLRs
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
RIG-1-like helicase & MDA5
47
* **best studied** of the microbial sensors
* **Type 1** transmembrane proteins that recognize **pathogen-associated molecular patterns**
* constitue a **first line of defense**
* play a critical role in **initiating the immune response**
* generates a **rapid and robust inflammatory response** marked by **cellular activation** & **cytokine release**
TLRs
Toll-like receptors
48
how many TLRs have been identified to date
10
49
* **intracellular sensors** for microbial products
* located in the **cytoplasm**
* activate the nuclear factor and drive inflammatory responses similar to TLRs
NLRs
NOD-like receptors
50
cytoplasmic sensors of viral **ssRNA**
RIG-1like helicase & MDA5
51
these target **viruses**
INTERFERONS
52
The cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems originate in
BONE MARROW
53
give rise to **red blood cells**, **platelets**, and the **cells** of the **innate immune system.**
MYELOID CELLS
54
give rise to cells essential to **adaptive immunity**, such as T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
LYMPHOID CELLS
55
* **MAJOR PHAGOCYTIC CELL**
* **short half-life**
* destroys pathogens within intracellular vesicle
NEUTROPHILS
56
monocytes **mature** into
MACROPHAGES
57
* **small** leuokocytes
* circulate in the blood
* found in almost **all tissues**
MONOCYTES
58
* **critical cells**
* **engulf** & **kill** pathogens
* process and present antigen
* regulate immune reactivity by producing variety molecules
MACROPHAGES
59
monocytes in the liver
KUPFFER CELLS
60
responsible for **histamine** production
BASOPHILS
61
* present in the blood, lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, lung, and other tissues
* responsible for the **uptake** and **removal of foreign antigen**
PHAGOCYTES
62
a T lymphocyte but works for innate immune system
NATURAL KILLER CELL
63
origin of all lymphocytes
LYMPHOID PROGENITOR CELL
64
* densely staining granules
* It includes the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
GRANULOCYTES
65
phagocytic vesicle is also called
PHAGOSOME
66
a **multistep process** whereby a phagocytic cell **recognizes** the pathogen, **ingests** it, and then **destroys** the engulfed organism
PHAGOCYTOSIS
67
the neutrophil recognizes, engulfs, and internalizes he pathogen into an **endocytic vesicle** called
| P
PHAGOSOME
67
when the neutrophil **completes its mission**, it undergoes ____
APOPTOSIS
68
* They are leukocytes that have **no granules**
* It includes monocytes and macrophages
AGRANULOCYTES
69
macrophage in the **nervous tissues**
MICROGLIAL CELLS
70
destruction of **parasites**, attach to the parasite if it is big
EOSINOPHIL
71
* They are also phagocytic cells and can d**egrade pathogens**.
* Their main role is to **activate T cells** in the **adaptive immune response** by acting as an **antigen-presenting cell** and by producing regulatory cytokines.
DENDRITIC CELLS
72
# IN ORDER
MECHANISM OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
CHEMOTAXIS
ADHERENCE
INGESTION
DIGESTION
73
chemical signals **attract phagocytes** to microorganisms
CHEMOTAXIS
74
**attachment** of phagocytes to the surface of microorganism
ADHERENCE
75
Microorganism is **engulfed** by the phagocyte
INGESTION
76
Microorganisms are **digested** inside the **phagolysosome** (fusion of phagosome and lysosome)
DIGESTION
77
fusion of phagosome and lysosome
PHAGOLYSOSOME
78
* **Large**, **granular lymphocytes** morphologically related to T cells, which make up **10 – 15%** of blood leukocytes.
* can **recognize** and **kill virus-infected cells** and **tumor cells**.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
79
NK cells can recognize what type of cells
| 2
virus-infected cells
tumor cells
80
A natural killer (NK) cell recognizes ____ on a **healthy cell** and **does not kill it**.
MHC I
81
82
An ____ **does not** present the MHC I, but does present ligands for the activating receptor. Thus, the NK cell will **trigger a response** that **kills the cell**.
INFECTED CELL
83
basis for health cell detection
MHC I
84
the complement system consists of approximately ____ proteins found in the **serum** or on the **membrane** of selected cells that **interact in a cascade**
30
85
it initiates a **series of biochemical reactions** that ultimately culminate in **cellular lysis** or **destruction of the pathogen**.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
86
* antibody **binds** to antigen of microorganism
* **series** of reaction
* **first pathway to be discovered**
CLASSICAL PATHWAY
87
* can be activated by the **infectious agents **
* factors **B**, **D**, and **properdin**
* **first line of pathway**
ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
88
* **mannose-binding lectin (MBL)** binds to microorganism
MB LECTIN PATHWAY
89
a **common systemic manifestation** of the inflammatory response and is a **cardinal symptom of infectious disease**
FEVER
90
**main regulator** of **body temperature**
HYPOTHALAMUS
91
# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT
* The **lysis of cells**, such as bacteria, virus-infected cells, and tumor cells.
* **cells burst**
* This process **occurs** through the **development of the membrane attack complex (MAC)** (C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9), which inserts into the membrane of an organism or cell.
* The MAC creates **holes** in the cell membrane, which leads to **loss of osmotic integrity** and **rupture** of the microbe or cell.
CYTOLYSIS
92
# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT
* **directed movement** of leukocytes **up a gradient concentration toward the site of infection**
* most important chemotactic substances is **C5a**
CHEMOTAXIS
93
# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT
* A term used to describe how antibodies or C3b can **enhance phagocytic engulfment** of microbes.
* **Macrophages** and **neutrophils** have receptors for C3b and therefore **can bind C3b-coated organisms**. This binding **trigger phagocytosis**.
OPSONIZATION
94
# BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT
* It is a **local response** resulting from a **damage/injury** to the **body’s tissues**.
* The damage can be caused by **microbial infection**, **physical agent**, or **chemical agent**.
* promote **vasodilation** and increase **vascular permeability**
INFLAMMATION / ANAPHYLATOXINS
95
* a **result of any injury to tissues** or following the **establishment** and **multiplication of microorganisms**. It is the **protective local response to injury**
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
96
Activation of the ____ leads to the **release of
cytokines** like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other mediators like prostaglandin and leukotriene, **causing pain and inflammation**
MACROPHAGES
97
* It is a **vascular reaction** whose net result is the delivery of fluid, dissolved substances, and cells from the circulating blood into the interstitial tissues in an area of injury.
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
98
* source: **mast cells**, **basophil**, **platelets**
* effect: **Vasodilation** and **increased permeability** of bloodvessels
HISTAMINE
99
* source: **Blood plasma**
* effect: **chemotaxis**
KININ
100
* source: **Damaged cells**
* effect: **Intensify** the effects of **histamine** and **kinins** and **help phagocytes move** through **capillary walls**
PROSTAGLANDIN
101
* source: **Mast cell** and **basophil**
* effect: Increase permeability of blood vessels and **help attach phagocytes to pathogens**
LEUOKTRIENES
102
* source: **Blood plasma**
* effect: **Stimulates release of histamine**, **attracts phagocytes**, and **promotes phagocytosis**
COMPLEMENT
103
* source: **Fixed Macrophage**
* effect: **Vasodilation** and increased permeability of blood vessels
CYTOKINES
104
Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
* Rubor (redness)
* Calor (heat)
* Tumor (swelling)
* Dolor (pain)
* LOSS OF FUNCTION (Functio laesa altered function)
105
during inflammation there is ____ because of dilation
HEAT
106
phagocytes are usually where
INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS
107
FEVER is induced by
PYROGENS
| hence, anti-pyretic
108
* cell structure that is capable of **inducing fever**
* **gram negative**
* in the **outer membrane**
ENDOTOXIN
109
110
PYROGENS
| fever inducing agents
CYTOKINES
ENDOTOXIN
111
# BENEFITS OF ????
* a **defense** against disease
* increases **T-cell proliferation** and **antibody
production**
* **speeds up** the body’s reactions which help the body tissues to **repair themselves more quickly**.
FEVER
112
fever activates ____
IL-1
interunit 1 (cytokine)
112
fever stregthen the effect of
INTEFERONS
113
fever increases production of ____ (decreased iron)
TRANSFERRIN
114
if the body temperature is ↑, the body's reactions is
MAS MABILIS
115
main cause of fever
BACTERIAL INFECTION
116
blood vessels are ____ during fever
CONSTRICTED
117
tragets mainly **VIRUSES**
INTERFERONS
118
* These are **proteins** produced **during viral infections**.
* They help **control viral replication** by **inhibiting protein synthesis** in cells.
* It includes alpha interferon, beta-interferon, and gamma-interferon (produced by T-lymphocytes).
INTERFERONS
119
signals neighboring **uninfected cells** to **destroy RNA** & **reduce protein synthesis**
IFN-α
120
signals neigboring **infected cells** to **undergo apoptosis**
IFN-β
121
activates immune cells
IFN-γ
