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MICROPARA > M3L1 > Flashcards

M3L1 Flashcards

1
Q

A host defense system against infectious disease and foreign (non self) antigens.

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

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2
Q

A response generated against a potential pathogen is called

A

IMMUNE RESPONSE

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3
Q
  • first line of defense
  • non specific to the invading pathogen
  • rapidly mobilized at the initial site of infection
  • lacks immunologic memory
A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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4
Q

A protein that is produced in response to a particular
pathogen is called

A

ANTIBODY

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5
Q

antibody is synonymous to

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN

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6
Q

The substance that induces the production of
antibodies is called

A

ANTIGEN

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7
Q
  • Rapid, immediate response
  • Antigen nonspecific
  • No memory, not long-lasting
    protection
A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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8
Q
  • Slow response
  • Highly antigen specific
  • Induces memory, responds rapidly and vigorously to second antigen exposure
A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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9
Q

which immunity have these immunoligic components

  • Natural barriers to infection – skin, mucous membranes;
  • Cells – phagocytes, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells
A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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10
Q

which immunity have these immunoligic components

Mediators – complement, defensins, cytokines, sensors (TLR, NOD-like receptors, RAG-1)

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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11
Q

which immunity have these immunoligic components

Cell – T lymphocytes-cell mediated, B lymphocytes - antibody mediated, APCs

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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12
Q

which immunity have these immunoligic components

Mediators – secreted molecules (cytokines, chemokines, complement)

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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13
Q

2 classification of adaptive immunity

A

naturally acquired
artificially acquired

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14
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • antigens enter the body naturally
  • body induces antibodies and specialiazed lymphocytes
A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY (naturally acquired)

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15
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk
A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY (naturally acquired)

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16
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • antigens are introduced in vaccines
  • body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY (artificially acquired)

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17
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  • preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY (artificially acquired)

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18
Q

The skin, airways, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and genitourinary tract have ________________ as their barrier

A

EPITHELIAL CELL LAYER

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19
Q

Epithelial cell layer has ____ that help provide proetction against invading pathogens

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

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20
Q

has tight junctions and produces a number of powerful antimicrobial peptides that help provide protection against invading pathogens

A

EPTHELIAL CELL LAYER

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21
Q

an example of an antimicrobial peptide that dissolves some bacterial cell wall

A

LYSOZYME

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22
Q

lysozyme is present on the ____ and can help provide
protection against some microorganisms

A

SKIN

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23
Q

present on the skin and in tears and in respiratory and cervical secretions

A

LYSOZYME

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24
Q

by virtue of their acid pH and certain chemicals especially fatty acids – have antimicrobial properties that tend to eliminate pathogenic organisms.

A

SWEAT & SEBACEOUS SECRETIONS

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25
Q

____ microorganisms are capable of penetrating intact skin

A

FEW

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26
Q

____ can enter sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles and establish themselves there.

A

MANY

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27
Q

The skin produces a variety of antimicrobial agents including a protein with antibacterial properties known as

A

PSORIASIN

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28
Q
  • positively charged peptides
  • located primarily in the GI an lower respiratory tracts
  • create holes in bacterial cell walls
  • disrupts the bacterial membrane
A

DEFENSINS

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29
Q

NEUTROPHILS in the small intetsine contain ____ that house the α-defensins

A

AZUROPHILIC GRANULES

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30
Q

released following TLR activation

A

α-defensins

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31
Q

the defensin that the epethilial cells in the respiratory tract secretes

A

β-defensin

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32
Q

have also been shown to possess antiviral activity

A

α-defensin

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33
Q

The ____ of the respiratory tract offers another mode of protection from infection.

A

MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM

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34
Q

a complex mixture of mucins, proteins, proteases, and protease inhibitors, is a major component of the mucosal epithelium.

A

MUCUS

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35
Q

Some bacteria attach to the surface epithelial cells by means of

A

ADHESIVE BACTERIAL SURFACE PROTEINS

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36
Q

the presence of mucus limits bacterial adhesion to these cell surfaces. Once entrapped in the mucus, the bacteria are removed by

A

CILIARY CLEARANCE

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37
Q

tend to inhibit microbial adhesion and limit exposure time

A

MUCOSAL SURFACE & CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS

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37
Q

has mechanisms to inhibit bacteria

A

GI TRACT

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38
Q

The ____ of the stomach and the ____ of the small intestine make this environment hostile to many bacteria.

A

ACIDITY OF STOMACH
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES of small intetsine

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39
Q

An additional barrier to microbial invasion is the effect of the

A

CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT

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40
Q

the presence of an ____ pH in sweat and
sebaceous secretions and the ____ pH of the stomach have antimicrobial properties.

A

HIGH ph in sweat & sebaceous
LOW ph in stomach

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41
Q

the production of ____ on the skin also tends to eliminate pathogenic organisms

A

FATTY ACIDS

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42
Q

a good barrier because it is dry

bacteria needs water to grow

A

SKIN

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43
Q

are parts of immune response

they are good immune response

A

FEVER & INFLAMMATION

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44
Q

When a pathogen enters the skin, it is confronted by macrophages and other phagocytic cells possessing

A

MICROBIAL SENSORS

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45
Q

Recognize presence of pathogens

A

MICROBIAL SENSORS

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46
Q

3 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBIAL SENSORS

A

TLRs
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
RIG-1-like helicase & MDA5

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47
Q
  • best studied of the microbial sensors
  • Type 1 transmembrane proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
  • constitue a first line of defense
  • play a critical role in initiating the immune response
  • generates a rapid and robust inflammatory response marked by cellular activation & cytokine release
A

TLRs
Toll-like receptors

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48
Q

how many TLRs have been identified to date

A

10

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49
Q
  • intracellular sensors for microbial products
  • located in the cytoplasm
  • activate the nuclear factor and drive inflammatory responses similar to TLRs
A

NLRs
NOD-like receptors

50
Q

cytoplasmic sensors of viral ssRNA

A

RIG-1like helicase & MDA5

51
Q

these target viruses

A

INTERFERONS

52
Q

The cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems originate in

A

BONE MARROW

53
Q

give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and the cells of the innate immune system.

A

MYELOID CELLS

54
Q

give rise to cells essential to adaptive immunity, such as T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

A

LYMPHOID CELLS

55
Q
  • MAJOR PHAGOCYTIC CELL
  • short half-life
  • destroys pathogens within intracellular vesicle
A

NEUTROPHILS

56
Q

monocytes mature into

A

MACROPHAGES

57
Q
  • small leuokocytes
  • circulate in the blood
  • found in almost all tissues
A

MONOCYTES

58
Q
  • critical cells
  • engulf & kill pathogens
  • process and present antigen
  • regulate immune reactivity by producing variety molecules
A

MACROPHAGES

59
Q

monocytes in the liver

A

KUPFFER CELLS

60
Q

responsible for histamine production

A

BASOPHILS

61
Q
  • present in the blood, lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, lung, and other tissues
  • responsible for the uptake and removal of foreign antigen
A

PHAGOCYTES

62
Q

a T lymphocyte but works for innate immune system

A

NATURAL KILLER CELL

63
Q

origin of all lymphocytes

A

LYMPHOID PROGENITOR CELL

64
Q
  • densely staining granules
  • It includes the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
A

GRANULOCYTES

65
Q

phagocytic vesicle is also called

A

PHAGOSOME

66
Q

a multistep process whereby a phagocytic cell recognizes the pathogen, ingests it, and then destroys the engulfed organism

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

67
Q

the neutrophil recognizes, engulfs, and internalizes he pathogen into an endocytic vesicle called

P

A

PHAGOSOME

67
Q

when the neutrophil completes its mission, it undergoes ____

A

APOPTOSIS

68
Q
  • They are leukocytes that have no granules
  • It includes monocytes and macrophages
A

AGRANULOCYTES

69
Q

macrophage in the nervous tissues

A

MICROGLIAL CELLS

70
Q

destruction of parasites, attach to the parasite if it is big

A

EOSINOPHIL

71
Q
  • They are also phagocytic cells and can degrade pathogens.
  • Their main role is to activate T cells in the adaptive immune response by acting as an antigen-presenting cell and by producing regulatory cytokines.
A

DENDRITIC CELLS

72
Q

IN ORDER

MECHANISM OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

CHEMOTAXIS
ADHERENCE
INGESTION
DIGESTION

73
Q

chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms

A

CHEMOTAXIS

74
Q

attachment of phagocytes to the surface of microorganism

A

ADHERENCE

75
Q

Microorganism is engulfed by the phagocyte

A

INGESTION

76
Q

Microorganisms are digested inside the phagolysosome (fusion of phagosome and lysosome)

A

DIGESTION

77
Q

fusion of phagosome and lysosome

A

PHAGOLYSOSOME

78
Q
  • Large, granular lymphocytes morphologically related to T cells, which make up 10 – 15% of blood leukocytes.
  • can recognize and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

79
Q

NK cells can recognize what type of cells

2

A

virus-infected cells
tumor cells

80
Q

A natural killer (NK) cell recognizes ____ on a healthy cell and does not kill it.

A

MHC I

81
Q
A
82
Q

An ____ does not present the MHC I, but does present ligands for the activating receptor. Thus, the NK cell will trigger a response that kills the cell.

A

INFECTED CELL

83
Q

basis for health cell detection

A

MHC I

84
Q

the complement system consists of approximately ____ proteins found in the serum or on the membrane of selected cells that interact in a cascade

A

30

85
Q

it initiates a series of biochemical reactions that ultimately culminate in cellular lysis or destruction of the pathogen.

A

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

86
Q
  • antibody binds to antigen of microorganism
  • series of reaction
  • first pathway to be discovered
A

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

87
Q
  • can be activated by the **infectious agents **
  • factors B, D, and properdin
  • first line of pathway
A

ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY

88
Q
  • mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds to microorganism
A

MB LECTIN PATHWAY

89
Q

a common systemic manifestation of the inflammatory response and is a cardinal symptom of infectious disease

A

FEVER

90
Q

main regulator of body temperature

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

91
Q

BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT

  • The lysis of cells, such as bacteria, virus-infected cells, and tumor cells.
  • cells burst
  • This process occurs through the development of the membrane attack complex (MAC) (C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9), which inserts into the membrane of an organism or cell.
  • The MAC creates holes in the cell membrane, which leads to loss of osmotic integrity and rupture of the microbe or cell.
A

CYTOLYSIS

92
Q

BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT

  • directed movement of leukocytes up a gradient concentration toward the site of infection
  • most important chemotactic substances is C5a
A

CHEMOTAXIS

93
Q

BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT

  • A term used to describe how antibodies or C3b can enhance phagocytic engulfment of microbes.
  • Macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for C3b and therefore can bind C3b-coated organisms. This binding trigger phagocytosis.
A

OPSONIZATION

94
Q

BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT

  • It is a local response resulting from a damage/injury to the body’s tissues.
  • The damage can be caused by microbial infection, physical agent, or chemical agent.
  • promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability
A

INFLAMMATION / ANAPHYLATOXINS

95
Q
  • a result of any injury to tissues or following the establishment and multiplication of microorganisms. It is the protective local response to injury
A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

96
Q

Activation of the ____ leads to the release of
cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other mediators like prostaglandin and leukotriene, causing pain and inflammation

A

MACROPHAGES

97
Q
  • It is a vascular reaction whose net result is the delivery of fluid, dissolved substances, and cells from the circulating blood into the interstitial tissues in an area of injury.
A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

98
Q
  • source: mast cells, basophil, platelets
  • effect: Vasodilation and increased permeability of bloodvessels
A

HISTAMINE

99
Q
  • source: Blood plasma
  • effect: chemotaxis
A

KININ

100
Q
  • source: Damaged cells
  • effect: Intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls
A

PROSTAGLANDIN

101
Q
  • source: Mast cell and basophil
  • effect: Increase permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens
A

LEUOKTRIENES

102
Q
  • source: Blood plasma
  • effect: Stimulates release of histamine, attracts phagocytes, and promotes phagocytosis
A

COMPLEMENT

103
Q
  • source: Fixed Macrophage
  • effect: Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
A

CYTOKINES

104
Q

Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Calor (heat)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • LOSS OF FUNCTION (Functio laesa altered function)
105
Q

during inflammation there is ____ because of dilation

A

HEAT

106
Q

phagocytes are usually where

A

INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS

107
Q

FEVER is induced by

A

PYROGENS

hence, anti-pyretic

108
Q
  • cell structure that is capable of inducing fever
  • gram negative
  • in the outer membrane
A

ENDOTOXIN

109
Q
A
110
Q

PYROGENS

fever inducing agents

A

CYTOKINES
ENDOTOXIN

111
Q

BENEFITS OF ????

  • a defense against disease
  • increases T-cell proliferation and antibody
    production
  • speeds up the body’s reactions which help the body tissues to repair themselves more quickly.
A

FEVER

112
Q

fever activates ____

A

IL-1
interunit 1 (cytokine)

112
Q

fever stregthen the effect of

A

INTEFERONS

113
Q

fever increases production of ____ (decreased iron)

A

TRANSFERRIN

114
Q

if the body temperature is ↑, the body’s reactions is

A

MAS MABILIS

115
Q

main cause of fever

A

BACTERIAL INFECTION

116
Q

blood vessels are ____ during fever

A

CONSTRICTED

117
Q

tragets mainly VIRUSES

A

INTERFERONS

118
Q
  • These are proteins produced during viral infections.
  • They help control viral replication by inhibiting protein synthesis in cells.
  • It includes alpha interferon, beta-interferon, and gamma-interferon (produced by T-lymphocytes).
A

INTERFERONS

119
Q

signals neighboring uninfected cells to destroy RNA & reduce protein synthesis

A

IFN-α

120
Q

signals neigboring infected cells to undergo apoptosis

A

IFN-β

121
Q

activates immune cells

A

IFN-γ

MICROPARA (29 decks)

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