M1L1 Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

study of microorganisms

MICROBIOLOGY

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a large and diverse group of MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS that exists as single cells or cell clusters; it also includes viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular.

MICROORGANISMS

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these are MICROSCOPIC but NOT CELLULAR

VIRUSES

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An Englishman who reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “LITTLE BOXES” or “CELLS/CELLA” that he was able to see using his improved version of a compound microscope.

ROBERT HOOKE

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His discovery MARKED THE BEGINNING of the “CELL THEORY” stating that all living things are composed of cells. (1665)

ROBERT HOOKE

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all living things are made up of cells

CELL THEORY

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Hooke observed cells into what specimen

CORK

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The Dutch merchant and amateur scientist who was probably the first person to actually observe LIVE MICROORGANISMS which he called as “ANIMALCULES” through his simple, single-lens microscope.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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his contribution made him recognized as the FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY and considered to be the FIRST MICROBIOLOGIST (1673)

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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the idea that living organisms could arise from NONLIVING matter

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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spontaneous generation is also known as

THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS

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(DID NOT BELIEVE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION)

demonstrated that MAGGOTS appear on DECAYING MEAT ONLY when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat. He proved this by performing an experiment using meat placed on three different jars: one is kept opened, another one is covered with a gauze and another jar is completely sealed. Maggots appeared in the jars that were OPENED AND COVERED WITH GAUZE. (1668)

FRANCESCO REDI

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(BELIEVED SPONTANEOUS GEN)

claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from HEATED NUTRIENT BROTH and interpreted this as spontaneous generation. In contrast to the experiment done by Redi, he claimed that “VITAL FORCE” is necessary for spontaneous generation to happen. (1745)

JOHN NEEDHAM

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what did JOHN NEEDHAM claimed to be necessary in spontaneous generation to happen

VITAL FORCE

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what did FRANCESCO REDI performed to prove that spontaneous generation is not true

MEAT IN 3 DIFF JARS: one opened, one closed, one covered with gauze

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(also DISAPPROVES spont. gen)

repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s results were due to MICROORGANISMS IN THE AIR entering his broth. He SEALED the flask and NO GROWTH WERE OBSERVED (1765)

LAZARRO SPALLANZANI

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introduced the “CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS” (1858)

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

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states that living cells can arise ONLY FROM PREEXISTING CELLS.

THEORY OF BIOGENESIS

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demonstrated that MICROORGANISMS ARE IN THE AIR EVERYWHERE (microbes are present in nonliving matter) and offered proof of biogenesis. A chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. (1861)

LOUIS PASTEUR

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who ENDED the debate on spont. gen

LOUIS PASTEUR

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what did LOUIS PASTEUR proved about spont. gen

IT IS NOT TRUE

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a special flask that LOUIS PASTEUR used

S FLASK / SWAN NECK FLASK

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Pasteur performed the _______ experiment and invented the Pasteur pipet.

SWAN-NECK

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Pasteur performed the swan-neck experiment and invented the __________.

PASTEUR PIPET

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Pasteur's discoveries led to the development of ________ used in the laboratory and medical procedures to PREVENT CONTAMINATION by microorganisms that are in the AIR.

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES

Rapid advances in the science of microbiology were made between

1857 & 1914

Pasteur found that yeast ferments sugars to

ALCOHOL + CO2

Pasteur found that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to (spoilage of alcohol)

ACETIC ACID (vinegar)

- A heating process used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk. - sterilization - the product should undergo VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE

PASTEURIZATION

showed a CASUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS AND DISEASE through the Germ Theory of Disease. This means that A DISEASE IS CAUSED BY A SPECIFIC MICROORGANISM.

AGOSTINO BASSI & PASTEUR

introduced the use of a DISINFECTANT, phenol or carbolic acid, to clean SURGICAL DRESSINGS in order to control infections in humans. (1860)

JOSEPH LISTER

the FATHER OF ANTISEPTIC SURGERY

JOSEPH LISTER

what did LISTER used in disinfecting wound & surgical instruments

PHENOL (carbolic acid)

- proved that MICROORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE - proved the theory of Bassi & Pasteur

ROBERT KOCH

Robert Koch used a sequence of procedures called ________ (1876), which are used today to prove that A PARTICULAR MICROORGANISM CAUSES A PARTICULAR DISEASE.

KOCH'S POSTULATES

the rules in Koch's postulates

- microorganism must be PRESENT in EVERY CASE of the disease & absent in healthy indiv - microorganism must be isolated & grown in a pure culture - patient must present all signs & symptoms when microorganism is present - same microorganism must be isolated again from the disease host

conferred by inoculation with a vaccine

IMMUNITY

RESISTANCE to a particular disease

IMMUNITY

In 1798, He demonstrated that inoculation with COWPOX material provides humans with IMMUNTIY FROM SMALLPOX. This led to the eradication of small pox, the world’s first vaccine.

EDWARD JENNER

the world's FIRST VACCINE

SMALLPOX VIRUS

first disease to be ERADICATED worldwide

SMALLPOX

the word "vaccination" came from the word

cow = vacca

vaccination was name in honor of

EDWARD JENNER

About 1880, Pasteur discovered that AVIRULENT BACTERIA could be used as a vaccine for

FOWL CHOLERA

he coined the word vaccine

PASTEUR

he found a way to ERADICATE the BACTERIAL SPORES that came to be known as “Tyndallization” or “Fractional Sterilization”.

JOHN TYNDALL

a process similar to pasteurization, it differs in that it allows the DESTRUCTION OF SPORES through the introduction of a gap between treatments.

TYNDALLIZATION

TYNDALLIZATION is also known as

FACTIONAL STREILIZATION

an OBSTETRICIAN who introduced the MANDATORY PRACTICE of HANDWASHING. He strictly implemented the practice of washing of hands using CHLORINATED LIME among all personnel to prevent the spread of infection.

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

what did SEMMELWEIS implement to wash hands with

CHLORINATED LIME

the CHEMICAL TREATMENT of a disease. It dreamt of a magic bullet that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal or human.

CHEMOTHERAPY

Two types of chemotherapeutic agents

SYNTHETIC DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS

chemically prepared in the LABORATORY

SYNTHETIC DRUGS

substances produced NATURALLY by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

ANTIBIOTICS

introduced an ARSENIC-containing chemical called SALVARSAN to treat SYPHILIS. Salvarsan is also known as arsphenamine or Compound 606. (1910)

PAUL EHRLICH

SALVARSAN is also known as

ARSPHENAMINE / COMPOUND 606

where did SALVARSAN came from

ARSENIC

first synthetic drug

SALVARSAN

observed that the mold (fungus) PENICILLIUM inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient as PENICILLIN. (1928)

ALEXANDER FLEMMING

He accidentally discovered PENICILLIN because of the growth of the mold into his specimen

ALEXANDER FLEMMING

Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the

1940s

Penicillin's pharmacological activity was studied by

HOWARD WALTER FLOREY & ERNST BORIS CHAIN

In 1939, He discovered TWO ANTIBIOTICS, tyrocidine and gramicidin, produced by the bacterium BACILLUS.

RENE DUBOS

two antibiotics that Rene Dubos discovered

TYROCIDINE & GRAMICIDIN

tyrocidine & gramicidin are produced by

BACILLUS

she proposed a CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STREPTOCOCCI based on certain components in the cell walls of bacteria, allowing the classification of streptococci into serotypes. (1933)

REBECCA LANCEFIELD

he reported that the organism causing MOSAIC DISEASE OF TOBACCO was so small that it passed through filters fine enough to stop all known bacteria. This was known to be a VIRUS at present. (1892)

DMITRI IWANOWSKI

he facilitated the study of VIRAL STRUCTURE and CHEMISTRY.

WENDELL STANLEY

filterable agents

WENDELL STANLEY

these are smaller than bacteria

VIRUSES

demonstrated the relationship between GENES and ENZYMES. (1941)

GEORGE BEADLE & EDWARD TATUM

established that the DNA was the HEREDITARY MATERIAL. (1944)

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD and MACLYN MCCARTY

discovered that the GENETIC MATERIAL COULD BE TRANSFERRED from one bacterium to another by a process called CONJUGATION. (1946)

JOSHUA LEDERBERG and EDWARD TATUM

proposed the DOUBLE HELICAL STRUCTURE and REPLICATION of the DNA. (1953)

JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK

discovered messenger RNA, a CHEMICAL INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, and later made the first major discoveries about regulation of gene function in bacteria. (1961)

FRANCOIS JACOB and JACQUES MONOD

showed that fragments of human or animal DNA that code for important proteins (genes) can be attached to bacterial DNA. The resulting hybrid was the first example of RECOMBINANT DNA.

PAUL BERG