M4 Flashcards
1
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
all microorganisms are harmful
A
FALSE
2
Q
microorganisms that are sources of antibiotics
A
FUNGI
BACTERIA
3
Q
microorganisms that live inside human body
A
HUMAN MICROBIOTA
4
Q
where does human microbiota usually lives in the human body
A
SKIN
MUCUS MEMBRANE
5
Q
these do not produce diseases instead, we can derive benifts from them
A
HUMAN MICROBIOATA
6
Q
2 TYPES OF MICROBIOATA
A
RESIDENT & TRANSIENT
7
Q
permanent microbioata
A
RESIDENT
8
Q
temporary microbiota
A
TRANSIENT
9
Q
what would happen if the resident microbioata are disturbed?
A
they can reestablish themselves
10
Q
- non pathogenic microbiota
- do not produce disease
A
RESIDENT
11
Q
- can either be non pathogenic or potentially pathogenic
A
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
12
Q
A
13
Q
when does the transient microbiota become pathogenic
A
WHEN THEY ARE DISTURBED
14
Q
- one organism benefits, and the other one remain unaffected
- the microorganism benefits from our skin, but the host do not benefit anything
STAPHYLOCCOCUS EPIDERMIS BACTERIA on skin
A
COMMENSALISM
15
Q
- both organisms benifit
- best type
- the microorganism benefit from us and we benefit from it
E. coli in the large intestine
A
MUTUALISIM
16
Q
- provides an environment for E. coli for their survival & growth
- rich in nutrients
A
LARGE INTESTINE
17
Q
E. coli can help with with the synthesis of
A
VITAMIN K
18
Q
vitamin that is essential for blood clotting
A
VITAMIN K
19
Q
- one organism benefits at the expense of the other
- the best way to describe a relationship between a disease causing microorganism
Influenza
A
PARASITISM
20
Q
microbioata act as ____ of defense against microbial pathogens
A
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
21
Q
microbioata assist in ____
A
digestion
22
Q
microbiota contribute to ____ of the immune system
A
MATURATION
23
Q
what does the host provide to the microorganism
A
environment that support microbial growth
24
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
not all tissues in the human body has the presence of microbiota
A
TRUE
25
# TRUE OR FALSE
there should be the **presence** of microorganism in the **blood**
FALSE
26
**most important** organism in the **skin**
STAPHYLOCCOCUS EPIDERMIS
27
type of microbioata that the skin mostly contains
TRANSIENT
28
**most important** organism in the **NOSE**
S. AUREUS
29
**most important** organism in the **MOUTH**
VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
30
**most important** organism in the **DENTAL PLAQUE**
STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
31
a number of **potentially pathogenic MO** are part of the normal microbiota in the ____
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
32
abundant **moisture**, **warmth**, and the **constant presence of food** make the ____ an ideal environment for microbial population
MOUTH
33
**most important** organism in the **THROAT**
VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI
34
normal microbiota **can only be seen** at what part of the **respiratory tract**
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
35
these are normally **non pathogenic** if they **reside** in their **normal location**
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA
36
**dominant** organism in **colon**
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
37
normally at birth, the intestine is ___
STERILE
38
**most important** organism in the **COLON**
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
ESSCHERICHIA COLI
39
40
* soon after birth, ____ appear in the **vagina** and **persist**
LACTOBACILLI
41
when the **pH** becomes **neutral**, a **mixed flora** of ____ and ____ are **present**
COCCI & BACILLI
42
* **most important** organism in the **VAGINA**
* it also makes the vagina **acidic**
LACTOBACILLUS
43
these organs that are parts of the **GI tract** **does not** have microbiota
STOMACH & SMALL INTESTINE
44
the **flow of tears** contains
ANTIBACTERIAL LYSOZYME
45
these organisms **do not cause disease** on their **normal habitat** in a healthy person but **may do so in a different environment**
## Footnote
* microbes that gain access thrugh broken skin or mucous
* if the host is already weakened or compromised by an infection
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
46
a **disease** that is primarily **caused** by **pathogenic microorganisms**
INFECTION
47
**infection** is primarily **caused** by
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
48
**objective** changes that **can be measured** and **observed** by the physician and are **used** for his **diagnosis**
## Footnote
fever, blood pressure
SIGNS
49
**subjective** changes **felt by the patient** and are **not apparent** to the **physician**
## Footnote
headache, pain, malaise
SYMPTOMS
50
# TRUE OR FALSE
disease and infection are not synonymous
TRUE
51
refers to any **change** from our **general state of good health** (physical health)
DISEASE
52
* consider the **new cases** of the disease in the population
* an indicator of the **spread** of the disease
INCIDENCE
53
* considers **all cases**; both the **old** & the **existing** cases
PREVALENCE
54
disease that is **constantly present** in **low numbers**
ENDEMIC
55
disease that are **occassionally** occuring
SPORADIC
56
* there is a **sudden increase** of the disease in a **certain region/country**
* **confined** in one region only
EPIDEMIC
57
develops **rapidly** but lasts only a **short time**
ACUTE
58
develops **slowly** and lasts for a **long time**
CHRONIC
59
**causative agents remain inactive** for a time but then **becomes active**
LATENT
60
the agents of this disease can establish a period of latency
HERPES
61
invading microorganism are **limited** to a relatively **small area** of the body
LOCAL
62
invading microorganism are **spread throughout the body**
SYSTEMIC
63
a **local** infection that **later develop** into a **systemic** infection
FOCAL
64
acute infection that **causes the inital** illness or disease
PRIMARY
65
caused by an **opportunistic pathogen** when the body's defenses **weakened**
SECONDARY
66
can be detected only by a **rise in antibody titer** or by **isolating** the microorganism
INAPPARENT OR SUBCLINICAL
67
causative agents
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
PARASITES
FUNGAL ORGANISMS
68
where does the causative agents live & multiply
reservoir
69
* A disease that is **spread** from one person to another person.
* **Contagious** disease
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
70
A disease that is **not transmitted** from one host to another.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
71
A disease that occurs only **occasionally** within the population of a **particular geographic area**.
SPORADIC
72
An “**outbreak**”, a disease that occurs **much more frequently** than usual in a **particular region** usually occurring within a **relatively short period**
EPIDEMIC
73
A disease that has a **worldwide** distribution
PANDEMIC
74
The microorganism **causing** the infection or disease
## Footnote
Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
Escherichia coli - Urinary Tract Infection
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis
Staphylococcus aureus - Toxic Shock Syndrome
PATHOGEN
75
* The **source** of the pathogen or the disease-causing microorganism
* It is a **site** where the pathogen can **multiply** or merely **survive** until it is transferred to a host
RESERVOIR
76
The **most important reservoir** of human disease
HUMAN BODY
77
it can be **people** with the disease as well as carriers
HUMAN RESERVOIR
78
persons that **harbor pathogens** and **transmit** them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness
CARRIERS
79
carry pathogens **without ever having** had the disease
PASSIVE CARRIER
80
a person who is **capable of transmitting** a pathogen during the **incubation period** of a particular disease
INCUBATORY CARRIER
81
a person who harbors and can transmit a pathogen while **recovering** from a disease
CONVALESCENT CARRIER
82
a person who had **completely recovered** from the disease but **continue** to **harbor** the pathogen **indefinitely**
ACTIVE CARRIER
83
Both **wild** and **domesticated animals** are living reservoir of microorganisms that can cause human diseases
ANIMAL RESERVOIR
84
are diseases that humans **acquire** from **animal sources**
ZOONOSES
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
85
The **major inanimate** or **nonliving** reservoir of infectious diseases are
AIR
SOIL
WATER
86
air
soil
water
NONLIVING RESERVOIR
87
* A **way** for the pathogen to **escape** from the reservoir
* Definite **routes of exit** that are related to the part of the body that has been infected
PORTAL OF EXIT
88
A way for the pathogen to **travel** from one host to another
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
89
**principal routes** which pathogens can be **transmitted**
CONTACT
VEHICLE
VECTOR
| all transmission
90
* A way for the pathogen to **gain entry** into a host
* The **specific route** by which pathogens **gain access** to the body
* Pathogens have preferred ____ that is a **prerequisite** to their being able to cause disease
PORTAL OF ENTRY
91
A person/animal/plant that is **affected**
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
92
**study** of disease
PATHOLOGY
93
**cause** of the disease
ETIOLOGY
94
the **development** of the disease
PATHOGENESIS
95
the **ability to cause** the disease
PATHOGENICITY
96
etiologic agent of tuberculosis
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
97
Is a **quantitative measure** of **pathogenicity** and is measured by the number of organisms required to cause a disease
VIRULENCE
98
what do you call a **pathogen** that **can cause a disease**
VIRULENT
99
organisms that **cannot** cause a disease
AVIRULENT
100
These are **phenotypic characteristics** or **physical attributes** of pathogens that **enable** them to **escape** various **host defense mechanisms** and **can cause disease**
VIRULENCE FACTORS
101
STAGES OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS
TRANSMISSION
EVASION
ADHERENCE
COLONIZATION
SYMPTOMS
102
* These are **long**, **thin**, **hair-like**, **flexible** projections
* **Enable** bacteria to **attach to surfaces** including various tissues within the human body
PILI / FIMBRIAE
103
pili / fimbriae is also called as
COLONIZATION FACTORS
104
array of proteins that the pili / fimbriae is primarily composed of
PILIN
105
A form of **glycocalyx** that have an **antiphagocytic action**
CAPSULE
106
* **Threadlike** projections used for **locomotion** or **mobility**
* **Virulent** because of their **antiphagocytic function**
FLAGELLA
107
* These are **extracellular enzymes** produced by some bacteria
* Enable them to **evade** host **defense mechanisms**, **invade** or **cause damage** to body tissues
EXOENZYMES
108
* are **proteins** produced **inside** pathogenic bacteria which are **secreted** into the **surrounding medium**
* SECRETES **ALIVE** BACTERIA
EXOTOXINS
109
* are **constitutive elements** of the bacteria membrane. they are only **liberated** when the **bacteria die**
* SECRETES **DEAD** BACTERIA
ENDOTOXINS
110
* secreted by **living cell**
* can be **produced** by both **gram -** or **gram +**
* they are **proteins (polypeptides)**
* **unstable**
* **highly antigenic**; trigger an immune response, production of antibodies
* preventable by **vaccine**
* **highly toxic**
* targets **specific cell**
* do **not** produce **fever**
EXOTOXINS
111
* found on the **cell wall (outer membrane)** of the **gram negative** bacteria
* found only in **gram negative**
* **lipopolysaccharides**
* **stable**
* **weakly immunogenic**
* no available toxoids
* **moderately** toxic
* **no specific** receptors
* **produce fever**
ENDOTOXIN
112
responsible for the **toxicity** of **endotoxins**
LIPID A
113
antibodies against **toxins**
ANTITOXINS
114
**vaccine** against a **toxin**
TOXOIDS
115
what type of immunity can an **antitoxin** confer
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
116
what type of immunity can an **toxoids** confer
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
117
Exotoxins are **released** from bacteria by **specialized structures** called
SECRETION SYSTEMS
118
causes fever & **hypotension**
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR
119
causes **hypotension**
NITRIC OXIDE
120
causes hypotension **edema**
C3a
121
causes **neutrophil chemotaxis**
C5a
122
DIC -- abnormal blood clotting
disseminated intravascular coagulation
123
are **poisonous substances** that are produced by certain microorganisms considered as the **primary factor** that **contributes** to the **pathogenic properties** of those microbes
TOXINS
124
degrade **collagen** & **hyaluronic acid**
COLLAGENASE & HYALURONIDASE
125
**accelerates** the formation of **fibrin clot**
COAGULASE
126
**dissolves** the fibrin clot
STREPTOKINASE
127
destroy **phagocytic cells** (leukocytes)
LEUKOCIDIN
128
lyses **RBC**
HEMOLYSIN
129
enzyme that **degrade immunoglobulin (IgA1)**
IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTEASES
130
Antiphagocytic
CAPSULE
CELL WALL PROTEIN
131
microbes that are **present** for a **short time** and **dont cause disease**
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
132
* **neutrophils** predominate
* pus forming
PYOGENIC
133
* **Macrophages** and **T cells** predominate
* form a **cluster**
GRANULOMATOUS
134
pyo means
pus
135
this is where microorganisms **live and grow** within cells by:
* **avoid entry** into phagolysosomes
* **prevent fusion** of phagosome & lysosome
* **resist** lysosomal enzymes
INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL
136
It is the time between the **acquisition** of the microorganism and the **beginning** or **appearance** of any signs or symptoms
INCUBATION PERIOD
137
A relatively short period where **non-specific symptoms** occur – fever, malaise and loss of appetite
PRODROMAL PERIOD
138
It is the time during which **overt** characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease occur
ILLNESS PERIOD
139
Period when the signs and symptoms **subside**, the patient is **vulnerable** to secondary infections
DECLINE PERIOD
140
The **recovery** period, during which the illness **abates** and the patient **returns** to the **healthy state**
CONVALESCENCE PERIOD
141
the site from where microorganisms **leave** the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection.
PORTAL OF EXIT
142
Development of an infection involves a **continuous process**, referred to as the
CHAIN OF INFECTION
143
is the **movement** or the **transmission** of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Once a pathogen has exited the reservoir, it needs ____ to the host through a portal of entry.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
144
* It is the spread of the microorganism by **direct** contact, **indirect** contact, **droplet** transmission or **airborne** transmission.
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
145
* **Horizontal** transmission
* kissing, touching and sexual intercourse
DIRECT CONTACT
146
handkerchief, utensils, needles and syringes
INDIRECT CONTACT
147
Transmission over **distances** of one meter or less. Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and talking
DROPLET TRANSMISSION
148
* Transmission over distances **greater than one meter**
* **Droplet** nuclei containing MO remain **suspended in air** for **long periods of time**
* Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and breathing
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
149
Refers to the transmission of disease agents through a **medium** such as -- water, food, air, blood, body fluids and even drugs and IV fluids
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
150
Are **animals** or **arthropods** that carry pathogens from one host to another
VECTOR TRANSMISSION
151
If the **insect** makes **contact** with a **host’s food**, pathogens can be transferred to the food and later swallowed by the host.
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT
152
The arthropod **bites** an infected person or animal and **ingests** some of the **infected blood**. The pathogens then reproduce in the vector, and the increase in the number of pathogens increases the possibility that they will be transmitted to another host.
BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT
153
* **non living objects** that can harbor organisms and then later on cause transmission
* a form of indirect contact
## Footnote
doorknob, handkerchief
FOMITE
154
is the site through which microorganisms **enter** the susceptible host and cause disease/infection
PORTAL OF ENTRY
155
normally serves as a **barrier** to infection
SKIN
