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MICROPARA > M4 > Flashcards

M4 Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

all microorganisms are harmful

A

FALSE

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2
Q

microorganisms that are sources of antibiotics

A

FUNGI
BACTERIA

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3
Q

microorganisms that live inside human body

A

HUMAN MICROBIOTA

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4
Q

where does human microbiota usually lives in the human body

A

SKIN
MUCUS MEMBRANE

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5
Q

these do not produce diseases instead, we can derive benifts from them

A

HUMAN MICROBIOATA

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6
Q

2 TYPES OF MICROBIOATA

A

RESIDENT & TRANSIENT

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7
Q

permanent microbioata

A

RESIDENT

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8
Q

temporary microbiota

A

TRANSIENT

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9
Q

what would happen if the resident microbioata are disturbed?

A

they can reestablish themselves

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10
Q
  • non pathogenic microbiota
  • do not produce disease
A

RESIDENT

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11
Q
  • can either be non pathogenic or potentially pathogenic
A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

when does the transient microbiota become pathogenic

A

WHEN THEY ARE DISTURBED

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14
Q
  • one organism benefits, and the other one remain unaffected
  • the microorganism benefits from our skin, but the host do not benefit anything

STAPHYLOCCOCUS EPIDERMIS BACTERIA on skin

A

COMMENSALISM

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15
Q
  • both organisms benifit
  • best type
  • the microorganism benefit from us and we benefit from it

E. coli in the large intestine

A

MUTUALISIM

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16
Q
  • provides an environment for E. coli for their survival & growth
  • rich in nutrients
A

LARGE INTESTINE

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17
Q

E. coli can help with with the synthesis of

A

VITAMIN K

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18
Q

vitamin that is essential for blood clotting

A

VITAMIN K

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19
Q
  • one organism benefits at the expense of the other
  • the best way to describe a relationship between a disease causing microorganism

Influenza

A

PARASITISM

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20
Q

microbioata act as ____ of defense against microbial pathogens

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

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21
Q

microbioata assist in ____

A

digestion

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22
Q

microbiota contribute to ____ of the immune system

A

MATURATION

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23
Q

what does the host provide to the microorganism

A

environment that support microbial growth

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

not all tissues in the human body has the presence of microbiota

A

TRUE

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

there should be the presence of microorganism in the blood

A

FALSE

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26
Q

most important organism in the skin

A

STAPHYLOCCOCUS EPIDERMIS

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27
Q

type of microbioata that the skin mostly contains

A

TRANSIENT

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28
Q

most important organism in the NOSE

A

S. AUREUS

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29
Q

most important organism in the MOUTH

A

VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI

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30
Q

most important organism in the DENTAL PLAQUE

A

STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

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31
Q

a number of potentially pathogenic MO are part of the normal microbiota in the ____

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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32
Q

abundant moisture, warmth, and the constant presence of food make the ____ an ideal environment for microbial population

A

MOUTH

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33
Q

most important organism in the THROAT

A

VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI

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34
Q

normal microbiota can only be seen at what part of the respiratory tract

A

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

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35
Q

these are normally non pathogenic if they reside in their normal location

A

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

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36
Q

dominant organism in colon

A

BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS

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37
Q

normally at birth, the intestine is ___

A

STERILE

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38
Q

most important organism in the COLON

A

BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
ESSCHERICHIA COLI

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39
Q
A
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40
Q
  • soon after birth, ____ appear in the vagina and persist
A

LACTOBACILLI

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41
Q

when the pH becomes neutral, a mixed flora of ____ and ____ are present

A

COCCI & BACILLI

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42
Q
  • most important organism in the VAGINA
  • it also makes the vagina acidic
A

LACTOBACILLUS

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43
Q

these organs that are parts of the GI tract does not have microbiota

A

STOMACH & SMALL INTESTINE

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44
Q

the flow of tears contains

A

ANTIBACTERIAL LYSOZYME

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45
Q

these organisms do not cause disease on their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment

  • microbes that gain access thrugh broken skin or mucous
  • if the host is already weakened or compromised by an infection
A

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS

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46
Q

a disease that is primarily caused by pathogenic microorganisms

A

INFECTION

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47
Q

infection is primarily caused by

A

PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS

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48
Q

objective changes that can be measured and observed by the physician and are used for his diagnosis

fever, blood pressure

A

SIGNS

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49
Q

subjective changes felt by the patient and are not apparent to the physician

headache, pain, malaise

A

SYMPTOMS

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50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

disease and infection are not synonymous

A

TRUE

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51
Q

refers to any change from our general state of good health (physical health)

A

DISEASE

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52
Q
  • consider the new cases of the disease in the population
  • an indicator of the spread of the disease
A

INCIDENCE

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53
Q
  • considers all cases; both the old & the existing cases
A

PREVALENCE

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54
Q

disease that is constantly present in low numbers

A

ENDEMIC

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55
Q

disease that are occassionally occuring

A

SPORADIC

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56
Q
  • there is a sudden increase of the disease in a certain region/country
  • confined in one region only
A

EPIDEMIC

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57
Q

develops rapidly but lasts only a short time

A

ACUTE

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58
Q

develops slowly and lasts for a long time

A

CHRONIC

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59
Q

causative agents remain inactive for a time but then becomes active

A

LATENT

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60
Q

the agents of this disease can establish a period of latency

A

HERPES

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61
Q

invading microorganism are limited to a relatively small area of the body

A

LOCAL

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62
Q

invading microorganism are spread throughout the body

A

SYSTEMIC

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63
Q

a local infection that later develop into a systemic infection

A

FOCAL

64
Q

acute infection that causes the inital illness or disease

A

PRIMARY

65
Q

caused by an opportunistic pathogen when the body’s defenses weakened

A

SECONDARY

66
Q

can be detected only by a rise in antibody titer or by isolating the microorganism

A

INAPPARENT OR SUBCLINICAL

67
Q

causative agents

A

BACTERIA
VIRUSES
PARASITES
FUNGAL ORGANISMS

68
Q

where does the causative agents live & multiply

A

reservoir

69
Q
  • A disease that is spread from one person to another person.
  • Contagious disease
A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

70
Q

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another.

A

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

71
Q

A disease that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area.

A

SPORADIC

72
Q

An “outbreak”, a disease that occurs much more frequently than usual in a particular region usually occurring within a relatively short period

A

EPIDEMIC

73
Q

A disease that has a worldwide distribution

A

PANDEMIC

74
Q

The microorganism causing the infection or disease

Treponema pallidum - Syphilis
Escherichia coli - Urinary Tract Infection
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis
Staphylococcus aureus - Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

PATHOGEN

75
Q
  • The source of the pathogen or the disease-causing microorganism
  • It is a site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host
A

RESERVOIR

76
Q

The most important reservoir of human disease

A

HUMAN BODY

77
Q

it can be people with the disease as well as carriers

A

HUMAN RESERVOIR

78
Q

persons that harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness

A

CARRIERS

79
Q

carry pathogens without ever having had the disease

A

PASSIVE CARRIER

80
Q

a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular disease

A

INCUBATORY CARRIER

81
Q

a person who harbors and can transmit a pathogen while recovering from a disease

A

CONVALESCENT CARRIER

82
Q

a person who had completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

A

ACTIVE CARRIER

83
Q

Both wild and domesticated animals are living reservoir of microorganisms that can cause human diseases

A

ANIMAL RESERVOIR

84
Q

are diseases that humans acquire from animal sources

A

ZOONOSES
ZOONOTIC DISEASES

85
Q

The major inanimate or nonliving reservoir of infectious diseases are

A

AIR
SOIL
WATER

86
Q

air
soil
water

A

NONLIVING RESERVOIR

87
Q
  • A way for the pathogen to escape from the reservoir
  • Definite routes of exit that are related to the part of the body that has been infected
A

PORTAL OF EXIT

88
Q

A way for the pathogen to travel from one host to another

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

89
Q

principal routes which pathogens can be transmitted

A

CONTACT
VEHICLE
VECTOR

all transmission

90
Q
  • A way for the pathogen to gain entry into a host
  • The specific route by which pathogens gain access to the body
  • Pathogens have preferred ____ that is a prerequisite to their being able to cause disease
A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

91
Q

A person/animal/plant that is affected

A

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

92
Q

study of disease

A

PATHOLOGY

93
Q

cause of the disease

A

ETIOLOGY

94
Q

the development of the disease

A

PATHOGENESIS

95
Q

the ability to cause the disease

A

PATHOGENICITY

96
Q

etiologic agent of tuberculosis

A

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

97
Q

Is a quantitative measure of pathogenicity and is measured by the number of organisms required to cause a disease

A

VIRULENCE

98
Q

what do you call a pathogen that can cause a disease

A

VIRULENT

99
Q

organisms that cannot cause a disease

A

AVIRULENT

100
Q

These are phenotypic characteristics or physical attributes of pathogens that enable them to escape various host defense mechanisms and can cause disease

A

VIRULENCE FACTORS

101
Q

STAGES OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS

A

TRANSMISSION
EVASION
ADHERENCE
COLONIZATION
SYMPTOMS

102
Q
  • These are long, thin, hair-like, flexible projections
  • Enable bacteria to attach to surfaces including various tissues within the human body
A

PILI / FIMBRIAE

103
Q

pili / fimbriae is also called as

A

COLONIZATION FACTORS

104
Q

array of proteins that the pili / fimbriae is primarily composed of

A

PILIN

105
Q

A form of glycocalyx that have an antiphagocytic action

A

CAPSULE

106
Q
  • Threadlike projections used for locomotion or mobility
  • Virulent because of their antiphagocytic function
A

FLAGELLA

107
Q
  • These are extracellular enzymes produced by some bacteria
  • Enable them to evade host defense mechanisms, invade or cause damage to body tissues
A

EXOENZYMES

108
Q
  • are proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria which are secreted into the surrounding medium
  • SECRETES ALIVE BACTERIA
A

EXOTOXINS

109
Q
  • are constitutive elements of the bacteria membrane. they are only liberated when the bacteria die
  • SECRETES DEAD BACTERIA
A

ENDOTOXINS

110
Q
  • secreted by living cell
  • can be produced by both gram - or gram +
  • they are proteins (polypeptides)
  • unstable
  • highly antigenic; trigger an immune response, production of antibodies
  • preventable by vaccine
  • highly toxic
  • targets specific cell
  • do not produce fever
A

EXOTOXINS

111
Q
  • found on the cell wall (outer membrane) of the gram negative bacteria
  • found only in gram negative
  • lipopolysaccharides
  • stable
  • weakly immunogenic
  • no available toxoids
  • moderately toxic
  • no specific receptors
  • produce fever
A

ENDOTOXIN

112
Q

responsible for the toxicity of endotoxins

A

LIPID A

113
Q

antibodies against toxins

A

ANTITOXINS

114
Q

vaccine against a toxin

A

TOXOIDS

115
Q

what type of immunity can an antitoxin confer

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

116
Q

what type of immunity can an toxoids confer

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

117
Q

Exotoxins are released from bacteria by specialized structures called

A

SECRETION SYSTEMS

118
Q

causes fever & hypotension

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR

119
Q

causes hypotension

A

NITRIC OXIDE

120
Q

causes hypotension edema

A

C3a

121
Q

causes neutrophil chemotaxis

A

C5a

122
Q

DIC – abnormal blood clotting

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

123
Q

are poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms considered as the primary factor that contributes to the pathogenic properties of those microbes

A

TOXINS

124
Q

degrade collagen & hyaluronic acid

A

COLLAGENASE & HYALURONIDASE

125
Q

accelerates the formation of fibrin clot

A

COAGULASE

126
Q

dissolves the fibrin clot

A

STREPTOKINASE

127
Q

destroy phagocytic cells (leukocytes)

A

LEUKOCIDIN

128
Q

lyses RBC

A

HEMOLYSIN

129
Q

enzyme that degrade immunoglobulin (IgA1)

A

IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTEASES

130
Q

Antiphagocytic

A

CAPSULE
CELL WALL PROTEIN

131
Q

microbes that are present for a short time and dont cause disease

A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

132
Q
  • neutrophils predominate
  • pus forming
A

PYOGENIC

133
Q
  • Macrophages and T cells predominate
  • form a cluster
A

GRANULOMATOUS

134
Q

pyo means

A

pus

135
Q

this is where microorganisms live and grow within cells by:
* avoid entry into phagolysosomes
* prevent fusion of phagosome & lysosome
* resist lysosomal enzymes

A

INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL

136
Q

It is the time between the acquisition of the microorganism and the beginning or appearance of any signs or symptoms

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

137
Q

A relatively short period where non-specific symptoms occur – fever, malaise and loss of appetite

A

PRODROMAL PERIOD

138
Q

It is the time during which overt characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease occur

A

ILLNESS PERIOD

139
Q

Period when the signs and symptoms subside, the patient is vulnerable to secondary infections

A

DECLINE PERIOD

140
Q

The recovery period, during which the illness abates and the patient returns to the healthy state

A

CONVALESCENCE PERIOD

141
Q

the site from where microorganisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection.

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

142
Q

Development of an infection involves a continuous process, referred to as the

A

CHAIN OF INFECTION

143
Q

is the movement or the transmission of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Once a pathogen has exited the reservoir, it needs ____ to the host through a portal of entry.

A

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

144
Q
  • It is the spread of the microorganism by direct contact, indirect contact, droplet transmission or airborne transmission.
A

CONTACT TRANSMISSION

145
Q
  • Horizontal transmission
  • kissing, touching and sexual intercourse
A

DIRECT CONTACT

146
Q

handkerchief, utensils, needles and syringes

A

INDIRECT CONTACT

147
Q

Transmission over distances of one meter or less. Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and talking

A

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

148
Q
  • Transmission over distances greater than one meter
  • Droplet nuclei containing MO remain suspended in air for long periods of time
  • Examples: sneezing, coughing, laughing and breathing
A

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

149
Q

Refers to the transmission of disease agents through a medium such as – water, food, air, blood, body fluids and even drugs and IV fluids

A

VEHICLE TRANSMISSION

150
Q

Are animals or arthropods that carry pathogens from one host to another

A

VECTOR TRANSMISSION

151
Q

If the insect makes contact with a host’s food, pathogens can be transferred to the food and later swallowed by the host.

A

MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

152
Q

The arthropod bites an infected person or animal and ingests some of the infected blood. The pathogens then reproduce in the vector, and the increase in the number of pathogens increases the possibility that they will be transmitted to another host.

A

BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

153
Q
  • non living objects that can harbor organisms and then later on cause transmission
  • a form of indirect contact

doorknob, handkerchief

A

FOMITE

154
Q

is the site through which microorganisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection

A

PORTAL OF ENTRY

155
Q

normally serves as a barrier to infection

A

SKIN

MICROPARA (13 decks)

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